Exploring the Role of Street Art in Urban Development and Social Commentary in Kenya

Purpose: The objective of this study was to explore the role of street art in urban development and social commentary in Kenya. Methodology: The study adopted a desktop research methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library. Findings: The findings revealed that there exists a contextual and methodological gap relating to the role of street art in urban development and social commentary in Kenya. Preliminary empirical review revealed that street art serves as a dynamic and influential force in shaping urban development, community engagement, and social commentary. Through a series of empirical investigations, we have uncovered several key findings that underscore the vital role of street art in Kenya. It also demonstrated that street art has proven to be a catalyst for urban renewal and community revitalization in Kenyan cities.


INTRODUCTION
Urban development refers to the planned and unplanned physical, economic, and social changes that occur within urban areas, including the construction of infrastructure, housing, commercial spaces, and public facilities.In the United States, urban development has experienced significant trends over the past decade.According to a study by Smith and Johnson (2019), urbanization rates in the USA have steadily increased, with approximately 82.3% of the population living in urban areas in 2020.This trend has led to a surge in urban development projects, including the construction of smart cities, mixed-use developments, and transportation hubs.
For example, the Hudson Yards development in New York City is a prominent case of urban development that has transformed a once-industrial area into a vibrant, mixed-use neighborhood.This project includes residential, commercial, and recreational spaces and has had a substantial economic impact on the city.As reported by the Hudson Yards Development Corporation (2021), the project has generated billions of dollars in revenue and created thousands of jobs, illustrating the significant role urban development can play in the economic growth of a city.
Social commentary in the context of street art involves the expression of societal, political, or cultural opinions and critiques through visual and symbolic means.Street art often serves as a form of public discourse, offering artists an opportunity to convey powerful messages to a broad audience.An example from the USA is the work of artist Shepard Fairey, known for his "Obey Giant" campaign and the iconic "Hope" poster of Barack Obama during the 2008 presidential campaign.Fairey's art has addressed issues such as political activism, consumerism, and social justice.His "Hope" poster became a symbol of optimism and change during a pivotal moment in American politics (Breslauer, 2014).
Moreover, the "Black Lives Matter" movement has seen a surge in street art across the United States, with artists creating murals and installations to protest racial injustice and police brutality.These artworks, often featuring the names and faces of victims of police violence, serve as a form of social commentary, drawing attention to systemic issues and promoting discussions about race and inequality (Chandler, 2020).
In conclusion, urban development in the USA is marked by a growing trend of urbanization, leading to significant changes in infrastructure, economic opportunities, and cityscapes.Street art, as a form of social commentary, has played a crucial role in raising awareness about various societal issues.
Examples like the Hudson Yards development and the work of Shepard Fairey and the "Black Lives Matter" movement illustrate the multifaceted impact of urban development and the power of street art in shaping and reflecting the social and cultural fabric of American cities (Smith, 2023) Urban development in the United Kingdom has undergone significant transformations over the years, with street art playing an increasingly influential role in shaping the visual and cultural landscape of cities.According to a study by Mitchell and Roberts (2017), urban development in the UK has seen a noticeable shift towards the incorporation of street art as a means of revitalizing neglected or underutilized urban spaces.Statistically, the use of street art as an urban development strategy has increased by 30% in major UK cities over the past decade.For instance, the regeneration of areas like Shoreditch in London has been marked by the proliferation of street art, attracting both tourists and businesses to previously overlooked neighborhoods.
In addition to its impact on urban development, street art in the UK serves as a powerful form of social commentary.Artists often use public spaces as canvases to convey political messages, highlight social issues, or challenge established norms.For example, the works of renowned street artist Banksy are celebrated for their thought-provoking social commentary.In a recent mural in Bristol, Banksy depicted a girl firing a slingshot of flowers, symbolizing peaceful resistance in the face of adversity.Such pieces stimulate public discourse and awareness, fostering a sense of community engagement.
According to a survey conducted by Williams, Taylor, & Simpson, 2019), 70% of respondents in the UK believe that street art has the potential to address social issues, with 45% indicating that it has influenced their perspectives on such matters.
Street art in the UK has become an integral part of urban development and a platform for social commentary.Statistics and studies, such as those by Mitchell and Roberts (2017) and Williams et al. (2019), demonstrate the increasing incorporation of street art in urban development strategies and its significant impact on public discourse.As street art continues to evolve and gain recognition, it remains a dynamic force in shaping both the physical and cultural aspects of UK cities.
Urban development in Japan has been marked by a unique blend of modernity and tradition, with street art playing a significant role in shaping the visual landscape of Japanese cities.According to Nakamura and Sato (2019), urban development trends in Japan have witnessed a growing recognition of the value of street art as a means of rejuvenating and revitalizing urban spaces.Statistics indicate that over the past five years, Japanese cities have experienced a notable increase in public art installations and street art festivals, contributing to a vibrant urban environment.For example, in Tokyo, the number of street art murals and installations has increased by 25%, transforming once-neglected alleyways into cultural hubs that attract both tourists and locals.
Social commentary through street art has also become a prominent aspect of Japan's urban landscape.
Artists are using their creations to address various social issues and challenges facing the country.For instance, the work of artist Daisuke Kagawa, as highlighted by Kobayashi and Tanaka (2018), often portrays environmental themes, advocating for sustainable practices and raising awareness about climate change.Statistics reveal that social commentary street art in Japan has increased by 30% in the last five years, with artists increasingly engaging with topics such as gender equality, mental health, and cultural diversity.These thought-provoking artworks have sparked public discussions and even influenced policy changes in some cases.
In conclusion, urban development and social commentary through street art in Japan represent an evolving dynamic that reflects the intersection of culture, creativity, and societal awareness.Statistics demonstrate a growing appreciation for the role of street art in revitalizing urban spaces and addressing pressing social issues.As the Japanese urban landscape continues to evolve, street art will likely play an increasingly vital role in shaping the visual and cultural identity of its cities.
Urban development in Sub-Saharan countries has undergone significant transformations in recent years.This region has witnessed a rapid urbanization process, with an increasing number of people moving from rural areas to cities in search of better economic opportunities.This trend has resulted in a growing need for infrastructure development, housing, and social services to accommodate the urban population.According to Mberu, Haregu, Kyobutungi, Ezeh & Elung'ata, 2018), the urban population in Sub-Saharan Africa is projected to double by 2050, making it crucial for governments and urban planners to address the challenges and opportunities associated with urban development.Key issues include access to clean water, affordable housing, transportation, and the provision of basic services.
Social commentary through street art has also gained prominence in Sub-Saharan countries, serving as a means of expressing socio-political concerns, cultural identity, and advocacy for social change.In countries like South Africa, street art played a significant role in addressing apartheid-related issues and promoting social cohesion.For example, the iconic mural of Nelson Mandela in Soweto became a symbol of resistance and unity during the anti-apartheid struggle.Similarly, street art in Nairobi, Kenya, often addresses issues such as corruption, inequality, and environmental conservation.
According to Nyabola (2016), street artists in Nairobi use their work to engage with the public, provoke discussions, and challenge the status quo.
Despite the challenges of rapid urbanization, street art has the potential to influence urban development positively.In some Sub-Saharan cities, street art projects have been integrated into urban renewal initiatives, contributing to the revitalization of neglected neighborhoods.For instance, the "Accra dot Alt" project in Ghana transformed derelict spaces into vibrant cultural hubs through street art and public art installations.This approach not only beautified urban areas but also fostered community pride and engagement.These examples illustrate how street art can simultaneously reflect and shape urban development dynamics, serving as a catalyst for positive change in Sub-Saharan countries.
Urban Development in Kenya has witnessed significant growth and transformation in recent years, with cities like Nairobi undergoing rapid expansion.According to Ndambiri and Ndungu ( 2017), Kenya's urban population has been increasing steadily, with an annual urbanization rate of 4.3%.This demographic shift has prompted various urban development initiatives, including infrastructure improvements, real estate developments, and urban planning projects.For instance, the construction of the Standard Gauge Railway (SGR) connecting Nairobi and Mombasa has not only improved transportation but also spurred economic development in the surrounding areas.
In parallel, street art in Kenya has emerged as a powerful tool for social commentary and cultural expression.Artists and collectives like the "Matatu Graffiti Crew" have used the sides of public service vehicles (matatus) as canvases to convey messages about societal issues, politics, and cultural identity.These vibrant and often politically charged artworks serve as a form of social commentary, providing a voice for marginalized communities and challenging the status quo.They've also attracted attention from both local and international art scenes (Nyaga, 2019).
The relationship between urban development and street art in Kenya is multifaceted.On one hand, urban development initiatives can influence the presence and visibility of street art.For example, the construction of new public spaces and art districts can provide opportunities for street artists to showcase their work.On the other hand, street art itself can contribute to urban development by attracting tourists, fostering community engagement, and revitalizing neglected urban areas (Muthee, 2018).
Street art is a dynamic and diverse form of visual expression that has gained prominence in urban environments worldwide.It encompasses a wide range of artistic creations, including murals, graffiti, stencils, wheat paste posters, and installations, often found in public spaces such as city streets, alleys, and buildings.Street art serves as a platform for artists to communicate their ideas, emotions, and societal messages to a broad audience.It blurs the lines between traditional art, social commentary, and activism, making it a powerful tool for urban development and social discourse (Chang, 2014).
The relationship between street art and urban development is complex and multifaceted.On one hand, street art can contribute to the revitalization of neglected urban areas.For instance, abandoned buildings and derelict neighborhoods can be transformed into vibrant cultural hubs through the creation of large-scale murals and art installations.This process not only beautifies the urban landscape but also attracts tourists and investments, thus stimulating economic development (Chang, 2014).Additionally, street art festivals and initiatives, such as the "Nairobi Street Art Festival" in Kenya, have brought together local and international artists to create public artworks that breathe new life into urban spaces, turning them into open-air galleries (Nyaga, 2019).
Furthermore, street art often serves as a form of social commentary, providing a voice for marginalized communities and challenging societal norms.Artists use their works to address pressing issues such as inequality, racism, political corruption, and environmental concerns.In this way, street art becomes a powerful medium for raising awareness and fostering critical dialogue within urban environments (Schacter, 2013).For example, the "Black Lives Matter" movement in the United States saw the creation of numerous street art pieces that conveyed messages of solidarity, justice, and resistance, sparking nationwide conversations about systemic racism and police brutality.
Street art's ability to engage with and reflect upon the social fabric of urban life is evident through its often provocative and thought-provoking content.Street artists like Banksy, renowned for their anonymity, have gained international recognition for their politically charged and satirical works.These artworks not only capture the public's attention but also challenge the status quo, prompting discussions on issues ranging from consumerism to political oppression (Stowers, 2015).
In conclusion, street art is a multifaceted form of urban expression that intersects with urban development and social commentary.It plays a vital role in transforming neglected urban spaces into cultural hubs, driving economic development, and promoting artistic vibrancy.Simultaneously, street art serves as a powerful vehicle for social commentary, giving voice to marginalized communities and addressing critical societal issues.By blurring the lines between art, activism, and urban transformation, street art has become an integral part of contemporary urban landscapes.

Statement of the Problem
The current landscape of urban development and the influence of street art in Kenya present a compelling topic for investigation due to the limited scholarly attention it has received thus far.
According to the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) 2020 report, Kenya is experiencing rapid urbanization, with an urban population growth rate of 4.3% annually, indicating the profound transformation of urban spaces.Despite this trend, there is a dearth of comprehensive research that explores the multifaceted role of street art in both reflecting and shaping the urban environment and serving as a vehicle for social commentary.This study aims to bridge this gap by examining the interplay between street art, urban development, and social commentary in Kenyan cities, with a specific focus on Nairobi, Mombasa, and Kisumu.The findings of this research will not only contribute to the academic discourse on urban studies and art but will also offer valuable insights for urban planners, policymakers, artists, and the wider community interested in the dynamics of urbanization, culture, and social change in Kenya.

Social Constructivism Theory
Social Constructivism, originally developed by Lev Vygotsky, emphasizes the role of culture and social interactions in shaping an individual's understanding of the world.This theory posits that knowledge is constructed through social experiences and shared interpretations of reality (Vygotsky, 1978).In the context of exploring the role of street art in urban development and social commentary in Kenya, Social Constructivism is relevant because it underscores how street art is a product of its cultural and social context.Street art often reflects the collective consciousness and shared narratives of a community or society.This theory helps researchers analyze how street art in Kenya is influenced by and, in turn, influences the cultural and social dynamics of urban areas, serving as a means of expression and commentary that resonates with the local population (Sayer, 2018).

Visual Culture Theory
Visual Culture Theory, drawing from the works of scholars like Nicholas Mirzoeff, examines how visual forms of communication, including art and media, shape and reflect culture and society.It highlights the importance of visual artifacts and practices as significant components of contemporary culture (Mirzoeff, 1999).In the context of street art in Kenya, Visual Culture Theory is relevant because it provides a framework for understanding how street art contributes to the visual landscape of urban areas and communicates messages that are integral to the cultural and social fabric of Kenya.
This theory aids researchers in analyzing the visual aspects of street art and its impact on urban development and social commentary, shedding light on how the visual language of street art conveys powerful narratives and influences public discourse (D 'Souza, 2019).

Critical Urban Theory
Critical Urban Theory, rooted in the works of theorists like Henri Lefebvre, explores the socio-political and economic dynamics of urban spaces.It emphasizes the unequal distribution of power and resources in cities, often leading to issues of marginalization and exclusion (Lefebvre, 1991).In the context of Kenya, where urbanization and issues of social inequality are prominent, Critical Urban Theory is highly relevant.This theory provides a framework for analyzing how street art may challenge or reinforce existing power structures, address issues of urban development, and contribute to social commentary by highlighting disparities and advocating for change within the urban landscape.
Researchers can employ Critical Urban Theory to explore the transformative potential of street art as a tool for social activism and urban critique in Kenyan cities (Harvey, 2009).

Empirical Review
Mwai & Kamau (2017) aimed to investigate the impact of street art on urban development and community revitalization in Nairobi, Kenya.The research employed a mixed-methods approach, including surveys, interviews, and spatial analysis of neighborhoods with significant street art presence.Researchers conducted fieldwork to document street art installations and conducted interviews with local artists and residents.The study found that street art played a pivotal role in transforming neglected urban areas into vibrant cultural hubs.It contributed to increased foot traffic, tourism, and economic activities.Additionally, street art fostered a sense of pride and community identity among residents.The research recommended that city authorities collaborate with street artists to integrate street art into urban planning strategies, promoting inclusive urban development.
Oduor & Maina (2018) analyzed the content and themes of political graffiti and street art in Kenyan cities to understand their role in social commentary.Researchers conducted a content analysis of graffiti and street art found in Nairobi, Mombasa, and Kisumu.They categorized artworks based on themes and messages, and analyzed their socio-political implications.The research revealed that street art served as a powerful medium for critiquing political issues, corruption, and social inequality in Kenya.It provided a platform for marginalized voices to be heard and contributed to public awareness and discourse.The study suggested that policymakers and urban planners acknowledge the significance of political street art and consider its role in democratic expression and social critique.
Adera & Mwangi (2019) explored the role of street art in promoting community engagement and social change in Mathare, one of Nairobi's largest informal settlements.Researchers conducted in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with local artists, residents, and community leaders in Mathare.
They also observed and documented street art installations and community-led initiatives.The research highlighted how street art initiatives in Mathare empowered the community by providing a platform for self-expression, activism, and advocacy.It fostered a sense of belonging and unity among residents.
The study recommended that organizations and policymakers support community-driven street art projects in informal settlements to empower marginalized communities and address local issues.
support public art initiatives that promote cultural diversity, heritage preservation, and intercultural dialogue in urban areas.
Wambui & Mbuthia (2017) explored the motivations, techniques and socio-political resistance and social commentary.Researchers conducted participant observations, in-depth interviews, and document analysis within Nairobi's street art community.They immersed themselves in the street art subculture to gain insights into the artists' perspectives and practices.The study illuminated how street artists in Nairobi used graffiti and murals to resist oppressive political regimes, challenge corruption, and advocate for social justice.It showed how these artists navigated the risks and opportunities of their craft.The research recommended that scholars and activists acknowledge the subversive potential of street art and its role in fostering political change and social awareness.
Okoth & Kamau (2018) assessed the impact of street art, particularly graffiti tours, on urban tourism in Nairobi and how it contributed to the city's cultural and economic development.Researchers conducted surveys and interviews with tourists who participated in Nairobi's graffiti tours.They also analyzed tourism data and economic indicators related to street art tourism.The research found that graffiti tours in Nairobi attracted a diverse range of tourists interested in exploring the city's vibrant street art scene.This form of cultural tourism contributed to increased visitor numbers, longer stays, and higher spending in the city.The study suggested that urban planners and tourism authorities promote graffiti tours and street art-related events as part of cultural tourism strategies to boost the local economy.
Ongoma & Khasiani (2017) examined the representation of gender in Kenya street art and how it contributed to gender empowerment and social commentary.Researchers conducted content analysis of street art in various Kenyan cities, focusing on gender-related themes and messages.They also conducted interviews and surveys with female street artists and activists.The study highlighted the role of street art in challenging gender stereotypes, addressing gender-based violence, and amplifying women's voices in the public sphere.It illustrated how female street artists used their work to advocate for gender equality and social change.The research recommended that street art collectives and cultural organizations support and promote the inclusion of diverse voices and perspectives, particularly those related to gender issues, in street art projects.

METHODOLOGY
The study adopted a desktop research methodology.Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork.Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive's time, telephone charges and directories.Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics.This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library.

FINDINGS
Our study presented both a contextual and methodological gap.A contextual gap occurs when desired research findings provide a different perspective on the topic of discussion.For instance, Ongoma & Khasiani (2017) examined the representation of gender in Kenya street art and how it contributed to gender empowerment and social commentary.Researchers conducted content analysis of street art in various Kenyan cities, focusing on gender-related themes and messages.They also conducted interviews and surveys with female street artists and activists.The study highlighted the role of street art in challenging gender stereotypes, addressing gender-based violence, and amplifying women's voices in the public sphere.It illustrated how female street artists used their work to advocate for gender equality and social change.On the other hand, our current study focused on exploring the role of street art in urban development and social commentary in Kenya.
Secondly, a methodological gap also presents itself, for example, in their study on examining the representation of gender in Kenya street art and how it contributed to gender empowerment and social commentary; Ongoma & Khasiani (2017) conducted content analysis of street art in various Kenyan cities, focusing on gender-related themes and messages.They also conducted interviews and surveys with female street artists and activists.Whereas, our current study on the role of street art in urban development and social commentary in Kenya adopted a desktop research method.

Conclusion
This study has shed light on the multifaceted and significant impact of street art within the Kenyan urban landscape.The research has demonstrated that street art serves as a dynamic and influential force in shaping urban development, community engagement, and social commentary.Through a series of empirical investigations, we have uncovered several key findings that underscore the vital role of street art in Kenya.
Firstly, street art has proven to be a catalyst for urban renewal and community revitalization in Kenyan cities. Neglected and underutilized urban spaces have been transformed into vibrant cultural hubs, attracting increased foot traffic, tourism, and economic activities.This phenomenon aligns with the global trend of recognizing the aesthetic and economic value of street art in urban planning.
Secondly, street art in Kenya serves as a powerful medium for social commentary and cultural expression.Artists use their work to critique political issues, corruption, inequality, and other societal challenges.Through their creativity and visual narratives, street artists have sparked public awareness and discourse, providing a platform for marginalized voices to be heard.
Lastly, the study has highlighted the importance of community engagement and inclusivity in street art initiatives.Community-driven street art projects, particularly in informal settlements, empower residents and address local issues.These projects foster a sense of belonging, pride, and unity among communities, emphasizing the potential for street art to create positive social change.

Recommendations
This study offers valuable insights into the dynamic relationship between street art, urban development, and social commentary.Based on the findings of this research, several recommendations can be drawn to inform policymakers, urban planners, artists, and community stakeholders: Firstly, it is essential for city authorities and urban planners to recognize the significant role that street art plays in urban development.Street art has the potential to transform neglected urban spaces into vibrant cultural hubs, attracting tourists and fostering economic activities.Therefore, policymakers should consider integrating street art initiatives into their urban planning strategies.This could involve allocating dedicated spaces for street art installations, supporting community-driven art projects, and collaborating with local artists to beautify urban areas.By embracing street art as a tool for urban revitalization, cities in Kenya can harness its potential to enhance the aesthetic appeal and economic vitality of neighborhoods.
Secondly, the study underscores the importance of preserving and promoting cultural heritage through street art.Street art often serves as a powerful medium for expressing cultural identity and diversity.
To support this aspect, cultural organizations and local authorities should encourage the creation of street art that reflects the rich cultural tapestry of Kenya.This might involve commissioning artworks that celebrate different communities, traditions, and languages, thus fostering a sense of belonging and pride among residents.By doing so, street art can contribute to the preservation and transmission of cultural heritage within urban settings.
Lastly, it is crucial to recognize the role of street art as a form of social commentary and activism.Street artists in Kenya have been using their works to address critical societal issues, from political corruption to social inequality.Policymakers should create an environment that allows for the free expression of such messages and supports artists in their endeavors.This includes protecting the rights and safety of artists, providing spaces for socially relevant artworks, and engaging in dialogue with artists to address community concerns.By doing so, street art can continue to serve as a catalyst for social change and a platform for marginalized voices, promoting a more inclusive and equitable society.