Rehabilitation Strategies for COVID-19 Survivors: A Guide to Restoring Functional Independence
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47941/ijhmnp.1836Keywords:
Physical Therapy, COVID-19, Rehabilitation, Restoring FunctionAbstract
The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the response to it are creating a tsunami of rehabilitation needs. This white paper offers a comprehensive guide to designing effective rehabilitation strategies for individuals recovering from COVID-19. With a focus on treating respiratory and neuromuscular dysfunctions, the rehabilitation demands of COVID-19 survivors are becoming more widely acknowledged. Focused on restoring functional independence, the paper addresses key considerations in the rehabilitation process, including musculoskeletal, respiratory, cardiovascular, and psychosocial aspects. This white paper serves as a valuable resource for healthcare professionals and individuals seeking guidance on effective rehabilitation strategies post-COVID-19, emphasizing the restoration of functional independence.
Downloads
References
Meyer, C. G., & Velavan, T. P. (2020). The COVID-19 epidemic. Trop. Med. Int. Health, posted on, 278-280.
Team, E. (2020). The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19)—China, 2020. China CDC weekly, 2(8), 113.
Iser, B. P. M., Sliva, I., Raymundo, V. T., Poleto, M. B., Schuelter-Trevisol, F., & Bobinski, F. (2020). Definição de caso suspeito da COVID-19: uma revisão narrativa dos sinais e sintomas mais frequentes entre os casos confirmados. Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde, 29.
Inciardi, R. M., Lupi, L., Zaccone, G., Italia, L., Raffo, M., Tomasoni, D., ... & Metra, M. (2020). Cardiac involvement in a patient with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA cardiology, 5(7), 819-824.
Santos Paz, L. E., Bezerra, S., & Pereira, M. (2021). COVID-19: The importance of physical therapy in the recovery of workers’ health. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Trabalho, 19(1), 94-106. https://doi.org/10.47626/1679-4435-2021-709
Swarnakar, R., & Yadav, S. L. (2022). Rehabilitation in long COVID-19: A mini-review. World Journal of Methodology, 12(4), 235-245. https://doi.org/10.5662/wjm.v12.i4.235
Demongeot J, Oshinubi K, Rachdi M, Seligmann H, Thuderoz F, et al. Estimation of daily reproduction numbers during the COVID-19 outbreak. Computation. 2021; 9(10): 109. 10.3390/computation9100109.
CDC. COVID-19: Delta variant: what we know about the science. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/variants/delta-variant.html. Accessed 3 Dec 2021.
WHO. Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants. World Health Organization. 2022. https://www.who.int/en/activities/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants/. Accessed 23 Mar 2022.
Crook H, Raza S, Nowell J, Young M, Edison P. Long COVID - mechanisms, risk factors, and management. BMJ. 2021; 374: n1648. 10.1136/bmj.n1648. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34312178/. Accessed 3 Dec 2021.
Antonelli M, Penfold RS, Merino J, Sudre CH, Molteni E, et al. Risk factors and disease profile of post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infection in UK users of the COVID Symptom Study app: a prospective, community-based, nested, case-control study. Lancet. 2021; 22(1): P43-55. 10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00460-6.
Headquarters, W. (2021, November 29). Rehabilitation needs of people recovering from COVID-19: Scientific brief, 29 November 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-Sci-Brief-Rehabilitation-2021.1
Chartered Society of Physiotherapy. (2020). Rehabilitation of adults who are hospitalised due to Covid-19: physiotherapy service delivery. Retrieved from [https://www.csp.org.uk/system/files/publication_files/COVID19_Rehabilitation_of_adults_hospitalised_2020.pdf]
Calvo-Paniagua, J., Díaz-Arribas, M. J., Valera-Calero, J. A., Gallardo-Vidal, M. I., & Plaza-Manzano, G. (2022). A tele-health primary care rehabilitation program improves self-perceived exertion in COVID-19 survivors experiencing Post-COVID fatigue and dyspnea: A quasi-experimental study. PLOS ONE, 17(8), e0271802. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271802
Karaarslan, F., Güneri, F. D., & Kardeş, S. (2022). Long COVID: rheumatologic/musculoskeletal symptoms in hospitalized COVID-19 survivors at 3 and 6 months. Clinical rheumatology, 41, 289-296.
Huang, C., Huang, L., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Gu, X., ... & Cao, B. (2021). 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study. The Lancet, 397(10270), 220-232.
Akbarialiabad, H., Taghrir, M. H., Abdollahi, A., Ghahramani, N., Kumar, M., Paydar, S., ... & Malekmakan, L. Long COVID, a comprehensive systematic scoping review., 2021, 49. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1007/s15010-021-01666-x, 1163-1186.
Piotrowicz, K., Gąsowski, J., Michel, J. P., & Veronese, N. (2021). Post-COVID-19 acute sarcopenia: physiopathology and management. Aging clinical and experimental research, 33, 2887-2898.
Bedock, D., Lassen, P. B., Mathian, A., Moreau, P., Couffignal, J., Ciangura, C., ... & Faucher, P. (2020). Prevalence and severity of malnutrition in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Clinical nutrition ESPEN, 40, 214-219.
Hasan, L. K., Deadwiler, B., Haratian, A., Bolia, I. K., Weber, A. E., & Petrigliano, F. A. (2021). Effects of COVID-19 on the Musculoskeletal System: Clinician’s Guide. Orthopedic Research and Reviews, 13, 141-150. https://doi.org/10.2147/ORR.S321884
Van Aerde, N.; Van den Berghe, G.; Wilmer, A.; Gosselink, R.; Hermans, G. Intensive care unit acquired muscle weakness in COVID-19 patients. Intensive Care Med. 2020, 46, 2083–2085.
Kim, J.-W.; Yoon, J.S.; Kim, E.J.; Hong, H.-L.; Kwon, H.H.; Jung, C.Y.; Kim, K.C.; Sung, Y.S.; Park, S.-H.; Kim, S.-K.; et al. Prognostic Implication of Baseline Sarcopenia for Length of Hospital Stay and Survival in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2021, 76, e110–e116
Sartori, R.; Romanello, V.; Sandri, M. Mechanisms of muscle atrophy and hypertrophy: Implications in health and disease. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 330.
Huang, C.; Huang, L.; Wang, Y.; Li, X.; Ren, L.; Gu, X.; Kang, L.; Guo, L.; Liu, M.; Zhou, X.; et al. 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: A cohort study. Lancet 2021, 397, 220–232.
Pepera, G., Bromley, P. D., & Sandercock, G. R. (2013). A pilot study to investigate the safety of exercise training and exercise testing in CR patients. Br. J. Cardiol, 20, 20.
Powell, R., McGregor, G., Ennis, S., Kimani, P. K., & Underwood, M. (2018). Is exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation effective? A systematic review and meta-analysis to re-examine the evidence. BMJ open, 8(3), e019656.
Gokce, N., Vita, J. A., Bader, D. S., Sherman, D. L., Hunter, L. M., Holbrook, M., ... & Balady, G. J. (2002). Effect of exercise on upper and lower extremity endothelial function in patients with coronary artery disease. The American journal of cardiology, 90(2), 124-127.
Hambrecht, R., Wolf, A., Gielen, S., Linke, A., Hofer, J., Erbs, S., ... & Schuler, G. (2000). Effect of exercise on coronary endothelial function in patients with coronary artery disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 342(7), 454-460.
Pollock, M. L., Franklin, B. A., Balady, G. J., Chaitman, B. L., Fleg, J. L., Fletcher, B., ... & Bazzarre, T. (2000). Resistance exercise in individuals with and without cardiovascular disease: benefits, rationale, safety, and prescription an advisory from the committee on exercise, rehabilitation, and prevention, council on clinical cardiology, American Heart Association. Circulation, 101(7), 828-833.
Vanhees, L., Geladas, N., Hansen, D., Kouidi, E., Niebauer, J., Reiner, Ž., ... & Börjesson, M. (2012). Importance of characteristics and modalities of physical activity and exercise in the management of cardiovascular health in individuals with cardiovascular risk factors: recommendations from the EACPR (Part II). European journal of preventive cardiology, 19(5), 1005-1033.
Karagiannis, C., Savva, C., Mamais, I., Efstathiou, M., Monticone, M., & Xanthos, T. (2017). Eccentric exercise in ischemic cardiac patients and functional capacity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Annals of physical and rehabilitation medicine, 60(1), 58-64.
Farley, R. L., Wade, T. D., & Birchmore, L. (2003). Factors influencing attendance at cardiac rehabilitation among coronary heart disease patients. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 2(3), 205-212.
Beckie, T. M. (2019). Utility of home-based cardiac rehabilitation for older adults. Clinics in geriatric medicine, 35(4), 499-516.
Batalik, L., Filakova, K., Batalikova, K., & Dosbaba, F. (2020). Remotely monitored telerehabilitation for cardiac patients: a review of the current situation. World journal of clinical cases, 8(10), 1818.
Thomas, R. J., Beatty, A. L., Beckie, T. M., Brewer, L. C., Brown, T. M., Forman, D. E., ... & Whooley, M. A. (2019). Home-based cardiac rehabilitation: a scientific statement from the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation, the American Heart Association, and the American College of Cardiology. Circulation, 140(1), e69-e89.
Khera, A., Baum, S. J., Gluckman, T. J., Gulati, M., Martin, S. S., Michos, E. D., ... & Shapiro, M. D. (2020). Continuity of care and outpatient management for patients with and at high risk for cardiovascular disease during the COVID-19 pandemic: A scientific statement from the American Society for Preventive Cardiology. American journal of preventive cardiology, 1, 100009.
Koonin, L. M., Hoots, B., Tsang, C. A., Leroy, Z., Farris, K., Jolly, B., ... & Harris, A. M. (2020). Trends in the use of telehealth during the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic—United States, January–March 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(43), 1595.
Woolhandler, S., & Himmelstein, D. U. (2020). Intersecting US epidemics: COVID-19 and lack of health insurance. Annals of internal medicine, 173(1), 63-64.
Yeo, T. J., Wang, Y. T. L., & Low, T. T. (2020). Have a heart during the COVID-19 crisis: Making the case for cardiac rehabilitation in the face of an ongoing pandemic. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 27(9), 903-905.
O'Doherty, A. F., Humphreys, H., Dawkes, S., Cowie, A., Hinton, S., Brubaker, P. H., ... & Nichols, S. (2021). How has technology been used to deliver cardiac rehabilitation during the COVID-19 pandemic? An international cross-sectional survey of healthcare professionals conducted by the BACPR. BMJ open, 11(4), e046051.
Batalik, L., Dosbaba, F., Hartman, M., Batalikova, K., & Spinar, J. (2020). Benefits and effectiveness of using a wrist heart rate monitor as a telerehabilitation device in cardiac patients: A randomized controlled trial. Medicine, 99(11).
Besnier, F., Gayda, M., Nigam, A., Juneau, M., & Bherer, L. (2020). Cardiac rehabilitation during quarantine in COVID-19 pandemic: challenges for center-based programs. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 101(10), 1835-1838.
Mao, L., Wang, M., Chen, S., He, Q., Chang, J., Hong, C., ... & Hu, B. (2020). Neurological manifestations of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective case series study. MedRxiv, 2020-02.
Li, Y., Li, M., Wang, M., Zhou, Y., Chang, J., Xian, Y., ... & Hu, B. (2020). Acute cerebrovascular disease following COVID-19: a single center, retrospective, observational study. Stroke and vascular neurology, 5(3).
Wang, D., Hu, B., Hu, C., Zhu, F., Liu, X., Zhang, J., ... & Peng, Z. (2020). Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. jama, 323(11), 1061-1069.
González‐Pinto, T., Luna‐Rodríguez, A., Moreno‐Estébanez, A., Agirre‐Beitia, G., Rodríguez‐Antigüedad, A., & Ruiz‐Lopez, M. (2020). Emergency room neurology in times of COVID‐19: malignant ischaemic stroke and SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. European journal of neurology, 27(9), e35.
Wu, Y., Xu, X., Chen, Z., Duan, J., Hashimoto, K., Yang, L., ... & Yang, C. (2020). Nervous system involvement after infection with COVID-19 and other coronaviruses. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 87, 18-22.
Guo, Y. R., Cao, Q. D., Hong, Z. S., Tan, Y. Y., Chen, S. D., Jin, H. J., ... & Yan, Y. (2020). The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak–an update on the status. Military medical research, 7, 1-10.
Consoli, D., Vidale, S., Aguglia, U., Bassi, P., Cavallini, A., Galati, F., ... & Inzitari, D. (2015). Previous infection and the risk of ischaemic stroke in Italy: the IN 2 study. European Journal of Neurology, 22(3), 514-519.
Siniscalchi, A., Iannacchero, R., Anticoli, S., Romana Pezzella, F., De Sarro, G., & Gallelli, L. (2016). Anti-inflammatory strategies in stroke: a potential therapeutic target. Current vascular pharmacology, 14(1), 98-105.
Siniscalchi, A., Gallelli, L., Malferrari, G., Pirritano, D., Serra, R., Santangelo, E., & De Sarro, G. (2014). Cerebral stroke injury: the role of cytokines and brain inflammation. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology, 25(2), 131-137.
Khosravani, H., Rajendram, P., Notario, L., Chapman, M. G., & Menon, B. K. (2020). Protected code stroke: hyperacute stroke management during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Stroke, 51(6), 1891-1895.
Dafer, R. M., Osteraas, N. D., & Biller, J. (2020). Acute stroke care in the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, 29(7), 104881.
Fraser, J. F., Arthur, A. S., Chen, M., Levitt, M., Mocco, J., Albuquerque, F. C., ... & Klucznik, R. P. (2020). Society of NeuroInterventional Surgery recommendations for the care of emergent neurointerventional patients in the setting of COVID-19. Journal of neurointerventional surgery, 12(6), 539-541.
Ellul, M., & Solomon, T. (2018). Acute encephalitis–diagnosis and management. Clinical medicine, 18(2), 155.
Ye, M., Ren, Y., & Lv, T. (2020). Encephalitis as a clinical manifestation of COVID-19. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 88, 945.
Rossi, A. (2008). Imaging of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Neuroimaging clinics of North America, 18(1), 149-161.
Alsolami, A., & Shiley, K. (2017). Successful treatment of influenza-associated acute necrotizing encephalitis in an adult using high-dose oseltamivir and methylprednisolone: case report and literature review. In Open forum infectious diseases (Vol. 4, No. 3, p. ofx145). US: Oxford University Press.
Das, G., Mukherjee, N., & Ghosh, S. (2020). Neurological insights of COVID-19 pandemic. ACS chemical neuroscience, 11(9), 1206-1209.
Toscano, G., Palmerini, F., Ravaglia, S., Ruiz, L., Invernizzi, P., Cuzzoni, M. G., ... & Micieli, G. (2020). Guillain–Barré syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(26), 2574-2576.
Sedaghat, Z., & Karimi, N. (2020). Guillain Barre syndrome associated with COVID-19 infection: a case report. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 76, 233-235.
Zhao, H., Shen, D., Zhou, H., Liu, J., & Chen, S. (2020). Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection: causality or coincidence?. The Lancet Neurology, 19(5), 383-384.
S. Coelho, “COVID-19 rehabilitation for physical and mental health,” Medical News Today, Nov. 17, 2020.
X, S. (2022, February 7). Brain stimulation rapidly improves cognitive deficits in long-COVID. https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-02-brain-rapidly-cognitive-deficits-long-covid.html
Daynes, E., Baldwin, M., Greening, N., Yates, T., Bishop, N. C., Mills, G., Roberts, M. J., Hamrouni, M., Plekhanova, T., Vogiatzis, I., Echevarria, C., Nathu, R., McAuley, H., Latimer, L., Glennie, J., Chambers, F., Penfold, R., Hume, E., Magaritis, D., . . . Singh, S. (2023, January 26). The effect of COVID rehabilitation for ongoing symptoms Post HOSPitalisation with COVID-19 (PHOSP-R): protocol for a randomised parallel group controlled trial on behalf of the PHOSP consortium. Trials. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-023-07093-7
Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The lancet, 395(10227), 912-920.
Rogers, J. P., Chesney, E., Oliver, D., Pollak, T. A., McGuire, P., Fusar-Poli, P., ... & David, A. S. (2020). Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis with comparison to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(7), 611-627.
Kathirvel, N. (2020). Post COVID-19 pandemic mental health challenges. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 53, 102430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102430.
Costa, S., Menon, V., Phadke, R., Dapke, K., Miranda, A. V., Ahmad, S., Essar, M. Y., & Hashim, H. T. (2022). Mental health in the post COVID-19 era: Future perspectives. Einstein, 20. https://doi.org/10.31744/einstein_journal/2022CE6760
Moreno, C., Wykes, T., Galderisi, S., Nordentoft, M., Crossley, N., Jones, N., ... & Arango, C. (2020). How mental health care should change as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic. The lancet psychiatry, 7(9), 813-824.
Türközer, H. B., & Öngür, D. (2020). A projection for psychiatry in the post-COVID-19 era: potential trends, challenges, and directions. Molecular Psychiatry, 25(10), 2214-2219.
Di Carlo, F., Sociali, A., Picutti, E., Pettorruso, M., Vellante, F., Verrastro, V., ... & di Giannantonio, M. (2021). Telepsychiatry and other cutting‐edge technologies in COVID‐19 pandemic: Bridging the distance in mental health assistance. International journal of clinical practice, 75(1).
Greenberg, N., Brooks, S. K., Wessely, S., & Tracy, D. K. (2020). How might the NHS protect the mental health of health-care workers after the COVID-19 crisis?. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(9), 733-734.
https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200824005471/en/%C2%A0COVID-19-Pandemic-Impact-Global-Rehabilitation-Robots-Market Business Wire. COVID-19 pandemic impact on global rehabilitation robots market 2020–2024 Technavio. 25 August 2020. Accessed 26 Apr 2022.
Barker-Davies, R. M., O'Sullivan, O., Senaratne, K. P. P., Baker, P., Cranley, M., Dharm-Datta, S., ... & Bahadur, S. (2020). The Stanford Hall consensus statement for post-COVID-19 rehabilitation. British journal of sports medicine, 54(16), 949-959.
Calabrò, R. S., Manuli, A., Naro, A., & Rao, G. (2020). How Covid 19 has changed Neurorehabilitation in Italy: A critical appraisal. Acta Bio Medica: Atenei Parmensis, 91(4).
Jaiswal, V., Alquraish, D., Sarfraz, Z., Sarfraz, A., Nagpal, S., Singh Shrestha, P., ... & Cueva, W. (2021). The influence of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) on Parkinson’s disease: an updated systematic review. Journal of Primary Care & Community Health, 12, 21501327211039709.
Moretti, R., Caruso, P., Giuffré, M., & Tiribelli, C. (2021, July). COVID-19 lockdown effect on not institutionalized patients with dementia and caregivers. In Healthcare (Vol. 9, No. 7, p. 893). MDPI.
Calabrò, R. S. (2021). Teleneurorehabilitation in the COVID-19 Era: What Are We Doing Now and What Will We Do Next?. Medical Sciences, 9(1), 15.
Sheffield Hallam University. (2020, December 7). Research and Innovation for Post Covid-19 Rehabilitation (RICOVR). https://www.shu.ac.uk/research/specialisms/advanced-wellbeing-research-centre/ricovr
World Health Organization. (2020). Assistive technology and COVID-19: Briefing note. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/assistive-technology-and-covid-19-briefing-note
Alwan, N., Attree, E., Blair, J. M., Bogaert, K., Bowen, J., Boyle, J., … & Drake, A. (2020). From REACTing to ACTing: using health research to guide responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet, 396(10260), 1244-1246. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32178-6
Lai, J., Ma, S., Wang, Y., Cai, Z., Hu, J., Wei, N., … & Hu, S. (2020). Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA network open, 3(3), e203976-e203976. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976
Bergquist, S. H., Partin, C., Roberts, D. L., O’Keefe, J. B., Tong, E. J., Zreloff, J., ... & Moore, M. A. (2020). Non-hospitalized adults with COVID-19 differ noticeably from hospitalized adults in their demographic, clinical, and social characteristics. SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine, 2, 1349-1357.
Carfì, A., Bernabei, R., & Landi, F. (2020). Persistent symptoms in patients after acute COVID-19. Jama, 324(6), 603-605.
Greenhalgh T., Knight M., A’Court C., Buxton M., Husain L. (2020). Management of post-acute covid-19 in primary care. BMJ, 370, m3026. 10.1136/bmj.m3026
Rubin, R. (2020). As their numbers grow, COVID-19 “long haulers” stump experts. Jama, 324(14), 1381-1383.
Huang, Y., Pinto, M. D., Borelli, J. L., Mehrabadi, M. A., Abrahim, H. L., Dutt, N., Lambert, N., Nurmi, E. L., Chakraborty, R., Rahmani, A. M., & Downs, C. A. (2022). COVID Symptoms, Symptom Clusters, and Predictors for Becoming a Long-Hauler Looking for Clarity in the Haze of the Pandemic. Clinical Nursing Research, 31(8), 1390-1398. https://doi.org/10.1177/10547738221125632
Greenhalgh, T., Knight, M., A’Court, C., Buxton, M., & Husain, L. (2020, August 11). Management of post-acute covid-19 in primary care. BMJ. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m3026
Pietrangelo, A. (2021, January 11). How to Try to Recover if You Have Long-Haul COVID-19 Symptoms. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health-news/how-to-try-to-recover-if-you-have-long-haul-covid-19-symptoms
MacInnes, P. (2020, July 26). The power of resilience during COVID-19. Psychology Today
Clinic, C. (2023, November 27). Long COVID: Symptoms and Treatments for Long Haulers. Cleveland Clinic. https://health.clevelandclinic.org/what-it-means-to-be-a-coronavirus-long-hauler
Enns, V. (2021, May 7). Coping during COVID-19: Practicing resilience. Psychology Today
Building Resilience During the COVID-19 Pandemic. (2020, October 15). National Institutes of Health (NIH). https://www.nih.gov/building-resilience-during-covid-19-pandemic
Rocca R. Coronavirus: Toronto-area hospitals implement no visitor policies Toronto, Canada: Global News; 2020. https://globalnews.ca/news/6712594/coronavirus-toronto-hospitals-no-visitors/.
Hafner K. ‘A Heart-Wrenching Thing’: Hospital Bans on Visits Devastate Families United States: The New York Times; 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/29/health/coronavirus-hospital-visit-ban.html.
MacCharles T. All non-COVID19 research and clinical trials at hospitals suspended or cancelled due to funding crunch Ontario, Canada: The Star; 2020. https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2020/04/10/all-non-covid19-research-and-clinical-trials-at-hospitals-suspended-or-cancelled-due-to-funding-crunch.html.
Institute for Patient-and-Family-Centered Care. PFCC and COVID-19 Virginia, USA: Institute for Patient- and Family-Centered Care; 2020 [May 18, 2021]. https://www.ipfcc.org/bestpractices/covid-19/index.html.
Baker GR, Judd M, Fancott C. Creating ‘Engagement-Capable Environments’ in Healthcare. In: Baker MJaCM G.R., editor. Patient Engagement: Catalyzing Improvement and Innovation in Healthcare Toronto, Ontario: Longwoods Publishing Company; 2016. p. 11–34.
Fancott, C., Baker, G. R., Judd, M., Humphrey, A., & Morin, A. (2018). Supporting Patient and Family Engagement for Healthcare Improvement: Reflections on" Engagement-Capable Environments" in Pan-Canadian Learning Collaboratives. Healthcare Quarterly (Toronto, Ont.), 21(SP), 12-30.
Rowland, P., Brosseau, M., & Houle, C. (2018). Patient Roles in Engagement-Capable Environments: Multiple Perspectives. Healthcare Quarterly (Toronto, Ont.), 21(SP), 45-49.
Carman, K. L., Dardess, P., Maurer, M., Sofaer, S., Adams, K., Bechtel, C., & Sweeney, J. (2013). Patient and family engagement: a framework for understanding the elements and developing interventions and policies. Health affairs, 32(2), 223-231.
COVID-19 Recovery: Team-Based Care Toolkit | ACP Online. (n.d.). https://www.acponline.org/practice-resources/covid-19-practice-management-resources/covid-19-recovery-team-based-care-toolkit
Cadel, L., Marcinow, M., Sandercock, J., Dowedoff, P., Guilcher, S., Maybee, A., Law, S., & Kuluski, K. (2021, September 29). A scoping review of patient engagement activities during COVID-19: More consultation, less partnership. PLOS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257880
C. (n.d.). Coronavirus » Patient carer and family engagement and communication during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. https://www.england.nhs.uk/coronavirus/documents/c0590-patient-carer-and-family-engagement-and-communication-during-the-coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic/
80% of US Coronavirus Deaths Are Among People 65 and up, CDC Says (businessinsider.com)
FEATURE-COVID-Leading-Cause-of-Death_1.png (3209×1800) (kff.org)
Covid map: Coronavirus cases, deaths, vaccinations by country - BBC News
COVID - Coronavirus Statistics - Worldometer (worldometers.info)
The economic effects of the coronavirus around the world. (2022, May 20). World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/02/coronavirus-economic-effects-global-economy-trade-travel/
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Maheshkumar Baladaniya, Shraddha Baldania
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work’s authorship and initial publication in this journal.
