Factors Associated with Hallux Valgus Deformity in Enugu Metropolis, Southeast, Nigeria
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47941/ijhmnp.2649Keywords:
Hallux Abductovalgus, Hallux Valgus, Factors, Body Mass Index, Metatarsophalangeal Joint, Deformity. Adductus Angle.Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine factors associated with hallux valgus such as body mass index (BMI), footwear; types of footwear and duration of footwear use, occupation, as well as foot injury in Enugu metropolis, Southeast, Nigeria
Methodology: This work is a cross-sectional study carried out on a total of 1,110 participants between ages of 11 and 80years of which 1000 of them completed and returned their questionnaires, 516 were females, whereas, 484 were males. This work explored some of the factors associated with hallux abductovalgus deformity like body mass index, type of footwear and duration of use of the footwear. The stratified sampling technique was used in this research. The data was collected into specially designed pro-forma and was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS version 21). The findings were presented in tables and figure.
Findings: The participantsweights and heights were used to calculate the body mass index (BMI). The BMI ≥30 had 22 (15.1 %) and 8 (11.8%) of the male and female participants with hallux valgus deformity respectively. 19 (12.0 %) of the male and 15 (15.6 %) of the female with hallux valgus were in BMI range of 25 – 29.99, while, 15 (8.3 %), males and 57 (16.2 %) females with hallux valgus deformity were within the BMI 18.5 – 24.99.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: In this study, several factors like body mass index (BMI), occupation, footwear, types of footwear, duration of footwear useand foot injury were associated with hallux abductovalgusdeformity. Since hallux abductovalgus deformity is a common deformity affecting the foot and its prevalence increased with wearing of high heeled tight-fitting shoes, it should therefore be advocated that flat, spacious shoes should be used regularly by both male and female folks to reduce the prevalence of hallux valgus and its associated complications, health and socioeconomic burden.
Downloads
References
Cai, Y., Song, Y., He, M. et al. Global prevalence and incidence of hallux valgus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Foot Ankle Res 16, 63 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13047-023-00661-9.
Wang XW, Wen Q, Li Y, Liu C, Zhao K, Zhao HM, Liang XJ. Scarf Osteotomy for Correction of Hallux Valgus Deformity in Adolescents. Orthop Surg. 2019 Oct;11(5):873-878. doi: 10.1111/os.12539. PMID: 31663288; PMCID: PMC6819182.
Brilakis EV, Kaselouris E, Markatos K, Mastrokalos D, Provatidis C, Efstathopoulos N, Chronopoulos E. Mitchell's osteotomy augmented with bio-absorbable pins for the treatment of hallux valgus: A comparative finite element study. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2019 Jun 1;19(2):234-244. PMID: 31186396; PMCID: PMC6587079.
Sammarco VJ. Surgical Correction of Moderate and Severe Hallux Valgus. Proximal Metatarsal Osteotomy with Distal Soft-Tissue Correction and Arthrodesis of the Metatarsophalangeal Joint. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;89:2520–2531. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Coughlin MJ, Mann RA. Hallux Valgus. In: Coughlin MJ, Mann RA, Saltzman CL, editors. Surgery of the foot and ankle. 8th Edition. St. Louis: Mosby; 2007. pp. 183–362. [Google Scholar]
Haines RW, McDougall A. The anatomy of hallux valgus. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1954;36-B(2):272–93. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.36B2.272. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Brahms MA. Common foot problems. Foot Ankle Int. 1995;16(10):594–603. doi: 10.1177/107110079501601002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Ferrari, J, Hopkinson, DA and Linney, AD (2004). Size and shape differences between male and female foot bones – Is the female foot predisposed to hallux abducto valgus deformity? Journal of American Podiatric Medical Association. 94: 434–452.
Brantingham, J., Michaud, T., Deliman, A., Silverman, J., Snyder. R., Brantingham, C. (1994) Chirpractic management of the painful bunion, Dynamic Chiropractic.June 17, pp.30-32.
Vanore JV, Christensen JC, Kravitz SR, Schuberth JM, Thomas JL, Weil LS, Zlotoff HJ, Couture SD (2003). Diagnosis and treatment of First Metatarsophalangeal Joint Disorders. Section 1: Hallux valgus.Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery. 42:112–123.
Dare WN, Ebeye OA and Nsi CF (2015). The Prevalence of hallux valgus among three ethnic groups in Delta state Southern Nigeria.American-EurasianJournal of Scientific Research. 10(2): 118-120.
Reid, DC (1992) Sports Injury Assessment and Rehabilitation, Churchill Livingston. 131, 148-149.
Schneider, W, Knahr, K (2001). Surgery for Hallux Valgus. The expectations of patients and surgeons, International Orthopaedics Journal, 6 (25): 382.
Nguyen US, Hillstrom HJ, Li W, Dufour AB, Kiel DP, Procter-Gray E, Gagnon MM, Hannan MT (2010). Factors associated with hallux valgus in a population-based study of older women and men: the MOBILIZE Boston Study. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 18(1):41-6. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2009.07.008. Epub 2009 Sep 1. PMID: 19747997; PMCID: PMC2818204.
Glasoe, WM, Yack, HJ &Saltzman, CL(1999). Anatomy and Biomechanics of the First Ray. Physical Therapy Journal,79(9), 854-859.
Keegan THM, Kelsey JL, Sidney S, Quensenberry CP., Jr. Foot problems as risk factors of fractures. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;155:926–31. doi: 10.1093/aje/155.10.926. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Menz HB, Lord SR. The contribution of foot problems to mobility impairment and falls in community-dwelling older people. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001;49:1651–1656. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Menz HB, Morris ME, Lord SR. Foot and ankle characteristics associated with impaired balance and functional ability in older people. J Gerontol Med Sci. 2005;60A(12):1546–1552. doi: 10.1093/gerona/60.12.1546. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Menz HB, Morris ME, Lord SR. Foot and ankle risk factors for falls in older people: a prospective study. J Gerontol A BiolSci Med Sci. 2006;61(8):866–70. doi: 10.1093/gerona/61.8.866. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar].
National Population Commission and National Bureau of Statistics Estimates (2016) Population Forecasts by State and Gender (2013-2016), 9. https://nigeriastat.gov.ng.
World Health Assembly, 48. (1995). World Health Report 1995: summary. World Health Organization. https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/177478
Hardy R, Clapham J (1959): Observations on hallux valgus.Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 33: 376–391.
Magee, DA (1997) Orthopaedic Physical Assessment,W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, pp.4-5, 603, 618-621, 625, 659, 673-675.
Donatelli, RA. (1990). The Biomechanics of the foot and ankle, F.A. Davis Company, Philadelphia, pp. 92-94.
Rothstein, JM, Miller, PJ and Roettger, RF (1983) Goniometric Reliability in a Clinical Setting, Physical Therapy Journal. 63 (10): 1611-1615.
Menz HB, Gill TK, Taylor, AW, Hill CL (2011): Age and gender differences in disabling foot pain using different definitions of the Manchester foot pain and disability index. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorder. 12: 243-10.
Dufour AB, Casey VA, Golightly YM, Hannan MT (2014). Characteristics associated with hallux valgus in a population based study of older adults: The Framingham Foot Study.Arthritis Care & Research. 66:1880-1886.
Roddy, E, Zhang, W and Doherty M ( 2008). Prevalence and associations of hallux valgus in a primary care population. Arthritis and Rheumatism Journal, 59:857-868.
Cho NH, Kim S, Kwon DJ, Kim HA (2009). The prevalence of hallux valgus and its association with foot pain and function in a rural Korean community.Journal of Bone&Joint Surgery; 91:494–8.
Daniel Wu, Lobo Louie (2010). Does wearing high-heeled shoe cause hallux valgus? A survey of 1,056 Chinese females. The Foot and Ankle Online Journal: 3 (5): 1-5.
England MD (1954). The problem of hallux valgus. Chiropodist 9:275.
Johnston O (1959). Further studies of the inheritance of hand and foot anomalies. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research; 8:146 – 59.
Pique-Vidal, C, Sole, MT and Antich, J (2007). Hallux valgus inheritance: pedigree research in 350 patients with bunion deformity. Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery, 46: 149-54.
Snijders CJ, Snijder JG, Philippens MM (1986). Biomechanics of hallux valgus and spread foot. Foot Ankle Journal. 7:26-39.
Coughlin MJ, Thompson FM (1995). The high price of high-fashion footwear.Instructional course lectures. 44:371-7.
Kato T, Watanabe S (1981). The etiology of hallux valgus in Japan. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 157:78–81.
Perera, AM and Stephens, MM (2011). The pathogenesis of hallux valgus. Current concepts review. American Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 93: 1650-61
Greer WS (1938). Clinical aspect: relation to footwear. Lancet. 232:1482-3.
Coughlin, MJ and Jones CP. (2007). Hallux valgus; demographics, etiology, and radiographic assessment. Foot ankle international, 28(7): 759-7.
Hung LK, Ho YF, Leung PC (1985). Survey of foot deformities among 166 geriatric inpatients. Foot Ankle. 5:156-64.
Coste F, Desoille H, Illouz G, Chavy AL (1960). Locomotor apparatus and classical dancing. Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic. 27:259-67.
Einarsdottir H, Troell S, Wykman A (1995). Hallux valgus in ballet dancers: a myth? Foot Ankle International. 16:92-4.
Mann RA Coughlin MJ. (1981). hallux valgus. etiology anatomy, treatment and surgical considerations. Clinical Orthopaedic Related Research; 157: 31-41.
Barnicot NA, Hardy RH (1955). The position of the hallux in West Africans. Journal of Anatomy. 89:355-61.
MacLennan R (1966). Prevalence of hallux valgus in neolithic New Guinea population. Lancet. 1:1398–1400.
Sim-Fook L, Hodgson AR (1958). A comparison of foot forms among the non-shoe and shoe-wearing Chinese population. American Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery.40:1058–1062.
Shine IB (1965). Incidence of hallux valgus in a partially shoe-wearing community.British Medical Journal; 1: 1648 – 50.
Hoffmann P (1905). Conclusions drawn from a comparative study of the feet of bare-footed and shoe-wearing people. American Journal of Orthopedics. 3: 105 - 36.
Engle DJ (1931). Notes on foot disorders among natives of the Belgian Congo. The Journal of Bone &Joint Surgery, 13:311 - 8.
O’Connor PL, Baxter DE (1988). Developmental disorders: adult foot. In: Gould JS (ed). The FootBook. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.207.
Zipfel B, Berger L (2007). Shod versus unshod: the emergence of forefoot pathology in modern humans? Foot. 17: 205-213. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 1979; 142: 10.
Menz HB and Morris ME (2005). Footwear characteristics and foot problems in older people. Gerontology journal; 51(5):346-351.
Al-Abdulwahab SS, Al-Dosry RD (2000). Hallux valgus and preferred shoe types among young healthy Saudi Arabian females. Annals Saudi Medicine. 20: 319 – 321.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Okwara, Blasius Okechukwu, Asomugha, Azuoma Lasbrey, Duru, Ndubuisi Ebere, Enemuo Vincent Chidi, Nnama TochukwuNnamdi, Okwara, Anulika Perpetua, Eze, Chinonso Blessing, Ugbala, Amaechi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
