Exclusive Breastfeeding Duration to Six Months: A Literature Review of Factors and Barriers from 2010 to 2020
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47941/ijhmnp.435Keywords:
Exclusive breastfeeding, barriers, factors, social support and extending the duration of paid maternity leaveAbstract
Background: In the form of mothers’ talent, the most imperative food for infants is human milk. Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended by World Health Organization during the first six months of life with well-established benefits to the mother and child.
Aim: The aim of this study was to develop a midwifery and physician as health care-givers to prolong breastfeeding.
Methods: Studies published between 2010 and 2020 were reviewed. An online literature search was carried out between January and July 2020; articles were gathered from Maternity and Infant Care, PsychINFO, CINAHL, Medline, PubMed, Google and Cochrane Database of systematic reviews as well as from references in published research and reviews. The search plan included the following keywords: breastfeeding, exclusive, initiation, factors, preterm, kangaroo care, education, partner, intention, social support, confidence, self-efficacy and extending the duration of paid maternity leave.
Results: Adjustable factors and barriers that influence women’s exclusive breastfeeding duration to six months are breastfeeding intention, breastfeeding self-efficacy, maternal age, maternal occupation, parent's educational level, social-economic status, insufficient milk supply, infant health problems, preterm baby, parity, mode of delivery and other related factors.
Conclusion: Based on the currently available information, there are many adjustable factors and barriers that are associated with exclusive breastfeeding duration to six months such as the woman’s breast feeding intention, breast feeding self-efficacy and social support.
Recommendations: Enlightenment campaign about exclusive breastfeeding benefits should be done to pregnant women. Breastfeeding counseling from midwives and health care givers to pregnant women during antenatal care should be centered on solving problems associated with BF.
Downloads
References
Aakre, I., Lilleengen, A. M., Aarsand, M. L., Strand, T. A., Barikmo, I., & Henjum, S. (2016). Infant feeding practices in the Saharawi refugee camps Algeria, a cross-sectional study among children from birth to six months of age. International breastfeeding journal, 12(1), 8.
Abul-Fadl, A., El Atti, J., Arabi, A., El-Emmari, L., & Al-Jawaldeh, A. (2019). Status of Breastfeeding in North African Countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region.
Adhikari, M., Khanal, V., Karkee, R., & Gavidia, T. (2014). Factors associated with early initiation of breastfeeding among Nepalese mothers: further analysis of Nepal Demographic and Health Survey, 2011. International breastfeeding journal, 9(1), 21.
Aghajafari, F., Field, C. J., Weinberg, A. R., Letourneau, N., & APrON Study Team. (2018). Both mother and infant require a vitamin D supplement to ensure that infants’ vitamin D status meets current guidelines. Nutrients, 10(4), 429.
Ahmed, S. R, & Ali, H. A. (2014). Using of CD-Rom Breastfeeding Learning Package in Training of Different Caregivers. Mansoura Nursing Journal, 1 (2):1-12.
Ajibade, B. L., Okunlade, J. O., Makinde, O. Y., Amoo, P. O., & Adeyemo, M. O. A. (2013). Factors influencing the practice of exclusive breastfeeding in rural communities of Osun State, Nigeria. European Journal of Business and Management, 5(15), 305-317.
AL-BINALI, A. M. (2012). Knowledge, attitude and practice of breast-feeding among female health care workers in tertiary care hospitals. The Medical Journal of Cairo University, 80(2).
Al-Kohji, S., Said, H. A., & Selim, N. A. (2012). Breastfeeding practice and determinants among Arab mothers in Qatar. Saudi Medical Journal, 33(4), 436-43.
Alvarez, R., Serwint, J. R., Levine, D. M., Bertram, A., & Sattari, M. (2015). Lawyer mothers: infant-feeding intentions and behavior. Southern medical journal, 108(5), 262.
Asfaw, M. M., Argaw, M. D., & Kefene, Z. K. (2015). Factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding practices in Debre Berhan District, Central Ethiopia: a cross sectional community-based study. International breastfeeding journal, 10(1), 1-9.
Atabay, E., Moreno, G., Nandi, A., Kranz, G., Vincent, I., Assi, T. M., ... & Heymann, S. J. (2015). Facilitating working mothers’ ability to breastfeed: global trends in guaranteeing breastfeeding breaks at work, 1995-2014. Journal of Human Lactation, 31(1), 81-88.
Azeze, G. A., Gelaw, K. A., Gebeyehu, N. A., Gesese, M. M., & Mokonnon, T. M. (2019). Exclusive breastfeeding practice and associated factors among mothers in Boditi town, Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia, 2018: A community-based cross-sectional study. International journal of pediatrics, 2019.
Basyoni, M. Z. (2012). Pattern of breast feeding among infants (rural/urban comparison) (Doctoral dissertation, Thesis for fulfillment of Master degree in Pediatrics. Pediatric Department. Faculty of medicine, Alexandria University).
Bich, T. H., Hoa, D. T. P., Ha, N. T., Vui, L. T., Nghia, D. T., & Målqvist, M. (2016). Father's involvement and its effect on early breastfeeding practices in Viet Nam. Maternal & child nutrition, 12(4), 768-777.
Bonet, M., Forcella, E., Blondel, B., Draper, E. S., Agostino, R., Cuttini, M., & Zeitlin, J. (2015). Approaches to supporting lactation and breastfeeding for very preterm infants in the NICU: a qualitative study in three European regions. British Medical Journal open, 5(6).
Briere, C. E., McGrath, J. M., Cong, X., Brownell, E., & Cusson, R. (2015). Direct-breastfeeding premature infants in the neonatal intensive care unit. Journal of Human Lactation, 31(3), 386-392.
Briere, C. E., McGrath, J. M., Cong, X., Brownell, E., & Cusson, R. (2016). Direct-breastfeeding in the neonatal intensive care unit and breastfeeding duration for premature infants. Applied Nursing Research, 32, 47-51.
Central Statistical Agency (CSA)[Ethiopia] and ICF. (2016). Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2016: Key Indicators Report. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and Rockville, Maryland, USA. CSA and ICF.
Chai, Y., Nandi, A., & Heymann, J. (2018). Does extending the duration of legislated paid maternity leave improve breastfeeding practices? Evidence from 38 low-income and middle-income countries. British Medical Journal global health, 3(5).
Chehab, R. F., Nasreddine, L., Zgheib, R., & Forman, M. R. (2020). Exclusive breastfeeding during the 40-day rest period and at six months in Lebanon: a cross-sectional study. International Breastfeeding Journal, 15(1), 1-10.
Chuang, C. H., Chang, P. J., Chen, Y. C., Hsieh, W. S., Hurng, B. S., Lin, S. J., & Chen, P. C. (2010). Maternal return to work and breastfeeding: a population-based cohort study. International journal of nursing studies, 47(4), 461-474.
Doherty, T., Sanders, D., Jackson, D., Swanevelder, S., Lombard, C., Zembe, W., ... & Engebretsen, I. M. (2012). Early cessation of breastfeeding amongst women in South Africa: an area needing urgent attention to improve child health. BioMed Central pediatrics, 12(1), 105.
Ekanem, I. A., Ekanem, A. P., Asuquo, A., & Eyo, V. O. (2012). Attitude of working mothers to exclusive breastfeeding in Calabar municipality, cross river State, Nigeria. Journal of Food Research, 1(2), 71.
El Shafei, A. M. H., & Labib, J. R. (2014). Determinants of exclusive breastfeeding and introduction of complementary foods in rural Egyptian communities. Global journal of health science, 6(4), 236.
El Shanat A.M.A. 2013. Weaning practices among mothers/caregivers of infants aged six months in kafr el sheikh governorate. Thesis for fulfillment of Master degree in family medicine; Community medicine department, Faculty of medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt.
Eldeeb, N., Halileh, S., Alyafei, K. A., Ghandour, R., Dargham, S., Giacaman, R., ... & Mahfoud, Z. (2016). Child discipline in Qatar and Palestine: a comparative study of ICAST-R. Child abuse & neglect, 61, 63-72.
El-Zanaty, F., & Way, A. (2015). Egyptian Demographic and health survey, 2014. Ministry of health and population, National population council, and ORC Macro, Egypt.
Emmanuel, A. 2015. A Literature Review of the Factors That Influence Breastfeeding: An Application of the Health Belief Model. International Journal of Nursing and Health Science; 2(3): 28-36.
Emtair, A. A. M. (2016). Nutritional status of preschool children at Sidi-Beshr Bahary family health unit in Alexandria governorate (Doctoral dissertation, Thesis for fulfillment of Master degree in family medicine. Community medicine department, Faculty of medicine, Alexandria University, 2016, Egypt).
Fahmi, W. A., Saleh, S. M., & El-Gazzar, H. H. (2014). Infant feeding practices and associated factors through the first 24 months of life in Menia governorate, Egypt. Kasr El Aini Medical Journal, 20(2), 37-43.
Forster, D. A., Johns, H. M., McLachlan, H. L., Moorhead, A. M., McEgan, K. M., & Amir, L. H. (2015). Feeding infants directly at the breast during the postpartum hospital stay is associated with increased breastfeeding at 6 months postpartum: a prospective cohort study. British Medical Journal open, 5(5).
Gallo, S., Hazell, T., Vanstone, C. A., Agellon, S., Jones, G., L’Abbé, M., ... & Weiler, H. A. (2016). Vitamin D supplementation in breastfed infants from Montreal, Canada: 25-hydroxyvitamin D and bone health effects from a follow-up study at 3 years of age. Osteoporosis International, 27(8), 2459-2466.
Ghwass, M. M. A., & Ahmed, D. (2011). Prevalence and predictors of 6-month exclusive breastfeeding in a rural area in Egypt. Breastfeeding medicine, 6(4), 191-196.
Gianni, M. L., Bezze, E. N., Sannino, P., Baro, M., Roggero, P., Muscolo, S., & Mosca, F. (2018). Maternal views on facilitators of and barriers to breastfeeding preterm infants. BioMed Central pediatrics, 18(1), 283.
Godhia, M. L., & Patel, N. (2013). Colostrum–its Composition, Benefits as a Nutraceutical–A Review. Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal, 1(1), 37-47.
Handayani, L., Imhonde, J. E., Shaibu, H., & Imhonde, H. O. (2012). Type of Birth, Depression and Anxiety as Determinates of Breastfeeding Attitude Among Nursing Mothers. International Journal of Public Health Science, 1(2), 7261.
Hassan, S. K., & Abdelwahed, W. Y. (2015). Knowledge & practices of exclusive breastfeeding in Fayoum, Egypt. Egyptian Journal Community Medicine, 33, 61-77.
Hegazy, R. A., Abdelaziz, S. B., Fahmy, A. A., & Shaeer, E. K. (2015). Failed Breast Feeding among Egyptian Women at One Month Postpartum: A Cross-Sectional Community Based Study. Clinics Mother Child Health. 2015; 12: 170.
Hendaus, M. A., Alhammadi, A. H., Khan, S., Osman, S., & Hamad, A. (2018). Breastfeeding rates and barriers: a report from the state of Qatar. International journal of women's health, 10, 467.
Himani, B. K., & Kumar, P. (2011). Effect of initiation of breastfeeding within one hour of the delivery on" maternal-infant bonding. Nursing and Midwifery Research Journal, 7(3).
Ingram, J., Johnson, D., Copeland, M., Churchill, C., & Taylor, H. (2015). The development of a new breast-feeding assessment tool and the relationship with breast feeding self-efficacy. Midwifery, 31(1), 132-137.
International Labour Office. (2013). Global wage report 2012/13: Wages and equitable growth. ILO Publications.
Jager, M., Hartley, K., Terrazas, J., & Merrill, J. (2012). Barriers to breastfeeding—a global survey on why women start and stop breastfeeding. European Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 7(Suppl 1), 25-30.
Kappelle, P. J., Dullaart, R. P., van Beek, A. P., Hillege, H. L., & Wolffenbuttel, B. H. (2012). The plasma leptin/adiponectin ratio predicts first cardiovascular event in men: A prospective nested case–control study. European journal of internal medicine, 23(8), 755-759.
Kimani-Murage, E. W., Madise, N. J., Fotso, J. C., Kyobutungi, C., Mutua, M. K., Gitau, T. M., & Yatich, N. (2011). Patterns and determinants of breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices in urban informal settlements, Nairobi Kenya. BioMed Central, public health, 11(1), 396.
Koblinsky, M., Tain, F., Gaym, A., Karim, A., Carnell, M., & Tesfaye, S. (2010). Responding to the maternal health care challenge: The Ethiopian Health Extension Program. Ethiopian Journal of Health Development, 24(1).
Ku, C. M., & Chow, S. K. (2010). Factors influencing the practice of exclusive breastfeeding among Hong Kong Chinese women: a questionnaire survey. Journal of clinical nursing, 19(17‐18), 2434-2445.
Maastrup, R., Hansen, B. M., Kronborg, H., Bojesen, S. N., Hallum, K., Frandsen, A., ... & Hallström, I. (2014). Factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding of preterm infants. Results from a prospective national cohort study. PloS one, 9(2), e89077.
Maastrup, R., Hansen, B. M., Kronborg, H., Bojesen, S. N., Hallum, K., Frandsen, A., ... & Hallström, I. (2014). Factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding of preterm infants. Results from a prospective national cohort study. PloS one, 9(2), e89077.
Maciel, B. L. L., Moraes, M. L., Soares, A. M., Cruz, I. F. S., De Andrade, M. I. R., Junior, F. S., ... & Caulfield, L. E. (2018). Infant feeding practices and determinant variables for early complementary feeding in the first 8 months of life: results from the Brazilian MAL-ED cohort site. Public health nutrition, 21(13), 2462-2470.
Mahon, P., Harvey, N., Crozier, S., Inskip, H., Robinson, S., Arden, N., ... & Godfrey, K. (2010). Low maternal vitamin D status and fetal bone development: cohort study. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 25(1), 14-19.
Marks, E. J., Grant, C. C., De Castro, T. G., Bandara, D. K., Wall, C., & Morton, S. (2018). Agreement between Future Parents on Infant Feeding Intentions and Its Association with Breastfeeding Duration: Results from the Growing Up in New Zealand Cohort Study. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(6), 1230.
Martín-Iglesias, S., Santamaría-Martín, M. J., Alonso-Álvarez, A., Rico-Blázquez, M., del Cura-González, I., Rodríguez-Barrientosn, R., ... & Durand-Rincón, I. (2018). Effectiveness of an educational group intervention in primary healthcare for continued exclusive breast-feeding: PROLACT study. BioMed Central, pregnancy and childbirth, 18(1), 1-10.
Matias, S. L., Nommsen-Rivers, L. A., & Dewey, K. G. (2012). Determinants of exclusive breastfeeding in a cohort of primiparous periurban peruvian mothers. Journal of human lactation, 28(1), 45-54.
McAndrew, F., Thompson, J., Fellows, L., Large, A., Speed, M., & Renfrew, M. J. (2012). Infant feeding survey 2010. Leeds: health and social care information Centre, 2(1).
Meedya, S., Fahy, K., & Kable, A. (2010). Factors that positively influence breastfeeding duration to 6 months: a literature review. Women and birth, 23(4), 135-145.
Mekuria, G., & Edris, M. (2015). Exclusive breastfeeding and associated factors among mothers in Debre Markos, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. International breastfeeding journal, 10(1), 1.
Mgongo, M., Mosha, M. V., Uriyo, J. G., Msuya, S. E., & Stray-Pedersen, B. (2013). Prevalence and predictors of exclusive breastfeeding among women in Kilimanjaro region, Northern Tanzania: a population based cross-sectional study. International breastfeeding journal, 8(1), 12.
Mihalopoulos, N. L., Urban, B. M., Metos, J. M., Balch, A. H., Young, P. C., & Jordan, K. C. (2017). Breast-feeding, leptin: adiponectin ratio, and metabolic dysfunction in adolescents with obesity. Southern medical journal, 110(5), 347.
Muluye, D., Woldeyohannes, D., Gizachew, M., & Tiruneh, M. (2012). Infant feeding practice and associated factors of HIV positive mothers attending prevention of mother to child transmission and antiretroviral therapy clinics in Gondar Town health institutions, Northwest Ethiopia. BioMed Central, public health, 12(1), 240.
Nafee Elsayed, H. M., & Al-Dossary, L. A. (2016). Exclusive Breastfeeding, Prevalence and Maternal Concerns: Saudi and Egyptian Mothers. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(3), 5-11.
Naguib, S. M. (2017). Assessment of feeding practices among mothers of one-year old infants at Alexandria primary health care centers (Doctoral dissertation, Thesis for fulfilment of Master of Sciences in Pediatrics. Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University. Egyptian Journal of Breastfeeding, 14 (1)).
Nasreddine, L., Ayoub, J. J., & Al Jawaldeh, A. (2018). Review of the nutrition situation in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 24(1), 77-91.
Ogunlesi, T. A. (2010). Maternal socio-demographic factors influencing the initiation and exclusivity of breastfeeding in a Nigerian semi-urban setting. Maternal and child health journal, 14(3), 459-465.
Okeh, U. M. (2010). Breastfeeding and the mother-child relationship: a case study of Ebonyi State University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki: case study. African Journal of Primary Health Care and Family Medicine, 2(1), 1-3.
Quigley, C., Taut, C., Zigman, T., Gallagher, L., Campbell, H., & Zgaga, L. (2016). Association between home birth and breast feeding outcomes: a cross-sectional study in 28 125 mother–infant pairs from Ireland and the UK. British Medical Journal open, 6(8).
Qureshi, A. M., Oche, O. M., Sadiq, U. A., & Kabiru, S. (2011). Using community volunteers to promote exclusive breastfeeding in Sokoto State, Nigeria. Pan African Medical Journal, 10.
Raffle, H., Ware, L. J., Borchardt, A. R., & Strickland, H. (2011). Factors that influence breastfeeding initiation and persistence in Ohio’s Appalachian region. Athens: Boinovich School of Leadership and Public Affairs at Ohio University.
Rollins, N. C., Bhandari, N., Hajeebhoy, N., Horton, S., Lutter, C. K., Martines, J. C., ... & Victora, C. G. Group, TLBS (2016). Why invest, and what it will take to improve breastfeeding practices, 491-504.
Setegn, T., Belachew, T., Gerbaba, M., Deribe, K., Deribew, A., & Biadgilign, S. (2012). Factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding practices among mothers in Goba district, south east Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. International breastfeeding journal, 7(1), 17.
Sharma, A. (2016). Efficacy of early skin-to-skin contact on the rate of exclusive breastfeeding in term neonates: a randomized controlled trial. African health sciences, 16(3), 790-797.
Sharma, I. K., & Byrne, A. (2016). Early initiation of breastfeeding: a systematic literature review of factors and barriers in South Asia. International breastfeeding journal, 11(1), 17.
Sika-Bright, S. Socio-cultural factors influencing infant feeding practices of mothers attending welfare clinic in Cape Coast in Ghana. 2010.
Sinshaw, Y., Ketema, K., & Tesfa, M. (2015). Exclusive breast feeding practice and associated factors among mothers in Debre Markos town and Gozamen district, east Gojjam zone, north west Ethiopia. Journal Food Nutrition Science, 3(5), 174-9.
Sørbø, M. F., Lukasse, M., Brantsæter, A. L., & Grimstad, H. (2015). Past and recent abuse is associated with early cessation of breast feeding: results from a large prospective cohort in Norway. British Medical Journal open, 5(12).
Stiller, C. K., Golembiewski, S. K. E., Golembiewski, M., Mondal, S., Biesalski, H. K., & Scherbaum, V. (2020). Maternal nutritional status and child feeding practices: a retrospective study in Santal communities, Birbhum District, West Bengal, India. International Breastfeeding Journal, 15(1), 1-24.
Swigart, T. M., Bonvecchio, A., Théodore, F. L., Zamudio-Haas, S., Villanueva-Borbolla, M. A., & Thrasher, J. F. (2017). Breastfeeding practices, beliefs, and social norms in low-resource communities in Mexico: Insights for how to improve future promotion strategies. PloS one, 12(7), e0180185.
Tadesse, F., Alemayehu, Y., Shine, S., Asresahegn, H., & Tadesse, T. (2019). Exclusive breastfeeding and maternal employment among mothers of infants from three to five months old in the Fafan zone, Somali regional state of Ethiopia: a comparative cross-sectional study. BioMed Central, public health, 19(1), 1015.
Tampah-Naah, A. M., & Kumi-Kyereme, A. (2013). Determinants of exclusive breastfeeding among mothers in Ghana: a cross-sectional study. International breastfeeding journal, 8(1), 13.
Tan, K. L. (2011). Factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding among infants under six months of age in peninsular Malaysia. International breastfeeding journal, 6(1), 2.
Tang, K., Wang, H., Tan, S. H., Xin, T., Qu, X., Tang, T., ... & Gaoshan, J. (2019). Association between maternal education and breast feeding practices in China: a population-based cross-sectional study. British Medical Journal open, 9(8), e028485.
Tawfik, S., Saied, D., Mostafa, O., Salem, M., & Habib, E. (2019). Formula Feeding and Associated Factors among a Group of Egyptian Mothers. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 7(11), 1854.
Tully, K. P., Holditch-Davis, D., White-Traut, R. C., David, R., O'Shea, T. M., & Geraldo, V. (2016). A test of kangaroo care on preterm infant breastfeeding. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 45(1), 45-61.
Tuthill, E. L., Butler, L. M., Pellowski, J. A., McGrath, J. M., Cusson, R. M., Gable, R. K., & Fisher, J. D. (2017). Exclusive breast-feeding promotion among HIV-infected women in South Africa: an Information–Motivation–Behavioural Skills model-based pilot intervention. Public health nutrition, 20(8), 1481-1490.
Ugboaja, J. O., Berthrand, N. O., Igwegbe, A. O., & OBI-Nwosu, A. L. (2013). Barriers to postnatal care and exclusive breastfeeding among urbanwomen in southeastern Nigeria. Nigerian medical journal: journal of the Nigeria Medical Association, 54(1), 45.
Ukegbu, A. U., Ukegbu, P. O., Onyeonoro, U. U., & Ubajaka, C. F. (2011). Determinants of breastfeeding patterns among mothers in Anambra State, Nigeria. South African Journal of Child Health, 5(4), 112-116.
United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UN IGME), 2017. Levels & Trends in Child Mortality, Estimates Developed by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation, United Nations Children’s Fund, New York, NY, USA.
Veghari, G., Mansourian, A., & Abdollahi, A. (2011). Breastfeeding status and some related factors in northern Iran. Oman medical journal, 26(5), 342.
Veile, A., Martin, M., McAllister, L., & Gurven, M. (2014). Modernization is associated with intensive breastfeeding patterns in the Bolivian Amazon. Social Science & Medicine, 100, 148-158.
Ventura, A. K. (2017). Associations between breastfeeding and maternal responsiveness: a systematic review of the literature. Advances in Nutrition, 8(3), 495-510.
Warille, E. B., Onyango, F. E., & Osano, B. (2017). Knowledge and practice of exclusive breastfeeding among women with children aged between 9 and 12 months in Al-Sabah Children Hospital, Juba, South Sudan. South Sudan Medical Journal, 10(1), 12-16.
Wheeler, B. J., & Dennis, C. L. (2013). Psychometric testing of the modified breastfeeding self-efficacy scale (short form) among mothers of ill or preterm infants. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 42(1), 70-80.
World Health Organization, (2010). Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices: part 2: measurement.
World Health Organization, (2015). Pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum and newborn care: a guide for essential practice (3rd edition). Geneva: World Health Organization.
World Policy Analysis Center, (2018). Is paid leave available to mothers and fathers of infants? https:// worldpolicycenter. org/ policies/ is- paid- leave- available- to- mothers- and- fathers- of- infants/ is- paid- leave- available- for- mothers- of- infants [accessed 21 Mar 2018.
Zenebu, B. B., Belayneh, K. G., Alayou, G., Ahimed, A., Bereket, C., Abreham, A., ... & Keno, T. (2015). Knowledge and practice of mothers towards exclusive breastfeeding and its associated factors in Ambo Woreda West Shoa Zone Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Epidemiology: Open Access, 5(1).
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work’s authorship and initial publication in this journal.
