An Analysis of IPAT Equation in the Face of Technological Advancement in the Philippines
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47941/je.2418Keywords:
Environment, Technology, IPAT, Economic growthAbstract
Purpose: This study analyzes the factors contributing to environmental impact using the IPAT equation (Impact = Population × Affluence × Technology). The research aims to explore the dynamics between population, consumption, technology, and environment. The research seeks to provide insights to policymakers and future researchers for developing strategies and policies to mitigate the adverse effects of these factors, with a particular focus on technological progress with sustainable environmental management.
Methodology: The study employs a quantitative research approach to examine the relationship between environmental impact and independent variables: population, affluence, and technological advancement (measured as population growth, GDP per capita growth, and high-technology exports) in the Philippines from 1992 to 2022. The analysis uses secondary data sourced from the World Development Indicator DataBank. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression is applied to evaluate the effect of independent variables on dependent variable.
Findings: The results emphasize the direct contribution of population and affluence to the environmental impact, while the role of technology remains inconclusive.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study contributes to policy by emphasizing the need for measures to address the environmental challenges caused by population growth and economic activities in the Philippines. This study recommends policies to mitigate overconsumption, alongside stricter pollution control measures to foster sustainable production practices. Despite the insignificant relationship between technology and the environment, the study highlights the importance of adopting cleaner technologies. Environmental impact assessments for production technologies and policies supporting green and low-carbon innovations, are proposed to ensure sustainability. These recommendations aim to balance economic growth and environmental protection.
Downloads
References
Ahakwa, I., Xu, Y., Tackie, E. A., Odai, L. A., Sarpong, F. A., Korankye, B., & Ofori, E. K. (2023). Do natural resources and green technological innovation matter in addressing environmental degradation? Evidence from panel models robust to cross-sectional dependence and slope heterogeneity. Resources Policy, 85, 103943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.103943
Ahmed, K., Shahbaz, M., Qasim, A., & Long, W. (2015). The linkages between deforestation, energy and growth for environmental degradation in Pakistan. Ecological Indicators, 49, 95-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.09.040
Ali, E. B., Shayanmehr, S., Radmehr, R., Bayitse, R., & Agbozo, E. (2024). Investigating environmental quality among G20 nations: The impacts of environmental goods and low-carbon technologies in mitigating environmental degradation. Geoscience Frontiers, 15(1), 101695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2023.101695
Amri, F., Ben Zaied, Y., & Ben Lahouel, B. (2019). ICT, total factor productivity, and carbon dioxide emissions in Tunisia. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0040162518307534?via%3Dihub
Andrée, B. P. J., Chamorro, A., Spencer, P., Koomen, E., & Dogo, H. (2019). Revisiting the relation between economic growth and the environment; a global assessment of deforestation, pollution and carbon emission. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 114, 109221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.06.028
Azam, M. (2016). Does environmental degradation shackle economic growth? A panel data investigation on 11 Asian countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 65, 175-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.06.087
Babiso, B., Toma, S., & Bajigo, A. (2020). Population growth and environmental changes: conclusions drawn from the contradictory experiences of developing countries. Int J Environ Monitoring Anal, 8(5), 161. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20200805.15
Bansal, S., Sharma, G. D., Rahman, M. M., Yadav, A., & Garg, I. (2021). Nexus between environmental, social and economic development in South Asia: evidence from econometric models. Heliyon, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e05965
Bashir, M. F., Shahbaz, M., Malik, M. N., Ma, B., & Wang, J. (2023). Energy transition, natural resource consumption and environmental degradation: The role of geopolitical risk in sustainable development. Resources Policy, 85, 103985. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.103985
Begum, R. A., Sohag, K., Abdullah, S. M. S., & Jaafar, M. (2015). CO2 emissions, energy consumption, economic and population growth in Malaysia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 41, 594-601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.205
Bendix, A. (2022). Pollution's fatal threat gains urgency after 9 million died in one year. NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/pollution-death-toll-high-studies-rcna29189
Briggs-Goode, A., & Townsend, K. (Eds.). (2011). Textile design: principles, advances and applications.
Casey, G., & Galor, O. (2017). Is faster economic growth compatible with reductions in carbon emissions? The role of diminished population growth. Environmental research letters: ERL [Web site], 12(1), 10-1088. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/12/1/014003
Chen, F., Wang, M., & Pu, Z. (2022). The impact of technological innovation on air pollution: firm-level evidence from China. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 177, 121521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121521
Chen, W., & Lei, Y. (2018). The impacts of renewable energy and technological innovation on environment-energy-growth nexus: New evidence from a panel quantile regression. Renewable energy, 123, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.02.026
Chen, Y., Subhan, M., Ahmad, G., Adil, M., & Zamir, M. N. (2024). Unveiling the linkages among digital technology, economic growth, and carbon emissions: A resource management perspective. Resources Policy, 91, 104868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.104868
Cheng, C., Ren, X., Dong, K., Dong, X., & Wang, Z. (2021). How does technological innovation mitigate CO2 emissions in OECD countries? Heterogeneous analysis using panel quantile regression. Journal of Environmental Management, 280, 111818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111818
Chien, F., Anwar, A., Hsu, C. C., Sharif, A., Razzaq, A., & Sinha, A. (2021). The role of information and communication technology in encountering environmental degradation: proposing an SDG framework for the BRICS countries. Technology in Society, 65, 101587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101587
Dong, K., Hochman, G., Zhang, Y., Sun, R., Li, H., & Liao, H. (2018). CO2 emissions, economic and population growth, and renewable energy: empirical evidence across regions. Energy Economics, 75, 180-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2018.08.017
Dong, Y., Wong, W. K., Muda, I., Cong, P. T., Hoang, A. D., Ghardallou, W., & Ha, N. N. (2023). Do natural resources utilization and economic development reduce greenhouse gas emissions through consuming renewable and Clean Technology? A case study of China towards sustainable development goals. Resources Policy, 85, 103921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.103921
Dubey, R., Gunasekaran, A., Childe, S. J., Papadopoulos, T., Luo, Z., Wamba, S. F., & Roubaud, D. (2019). Can big data and predictive analytics improve social and environmental sustainability?. Technological forecasting and social change, 144, 534-545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2017.06.020
Ecological Trends Alliance. (n.d.) Environment and Livelihood programmes. http://www.ecotrendsalliance.org/Environment%20and%20Livelihood%20Programmes.html
Ehrlich, P. R., & Holdren, J. P. (1972). Impact of. Three Population Resources, and the Environment, 365. https://faculty.washington.edu/stevehar/Ehrlich.pdf
Environmental Health - Healthy People 2030. (n.d.). https://health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/environmental-health#:~:text=Environmental%20pollutants%20can%20cause%20health,and%20some%20types%20of%20cancer.&text=People%20with%20low%20incomes%20are,health%20problems%20related%20to%20pollution
Fernando, J. (2024, April 28). Gross domestic product (GDP) formula and how to use it. Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/gdp.asp
Hashmi, R., & Alam, K. (2019). Dynamic relationship among environmental regulation, innovation, CO2 emissions, population, and economic growth in OECD countries: A panel investigation. Journal of cleaner production, 231, 1100-1109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.325
Hassan, M. U., Tahir, M., Ali, N. O., Qamar, S., Khan, W. U., & Burki, U. (2024). Determinants of Environmental Degradation: Exploring the Unexplored for Brunei Darussalam. Environmental Challenges, 100859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2024.100859
Hilty, L. M., Arnfalk, P., Erdmann, L., Goodman, J., Lehmann, M., & Wäger, P. A. (2006). The relevance of information and communication technologies for environmental sustainability–a prospective simulation study. Environmental Modelling & Software, 21(11), 1618-1629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2006.05.007
Holdren, J. P. (1993). A Brief History of IPAT (Impact= Population x Affluence x Technology). University of California, Berkeley: unpublished paper, September. https://mahb.stanford.edu/library-item/a-brief-history-of-ipat-impact-population-x-affluence-x-technology/
Hussain, C. M., Paulraj, M. S., & Nuzhat, S. (2022). Source reduction, waste minimization, and cleaner technologies. Source Reduction Waste Minimization 23–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824320-6.00002-2
Ilham, M. I. (2021). Economic development and environmental degradation in Indonesia: Panel data analysis. Jurnal Ekonomi & Studi Pembangunan, 22(2), 185-200. https://doi.org/10.18196/jesp.v22i2.7629
Iqbal, K., Wang, Y., Danish, Li, N., Khan, S., Mahmood, N., & Shuo, W. (2023). Understanding the relationship between technological innovation and environmental sustainability under the silver lining of education. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 11, 1235376. doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2023.1235376
International Organization for Standardization. (n.d.). Environmental degradation. https://www.iso.org/foresight/environmental-degradation.html
Johnson, M. T., & Munshi-South, J. (2017). Evolution of life in urban environments. Science, 358(6363), eaam8327. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam8327
Kahouli, B., Miled, K., & Aloui, Z. (2022). Do energy consumption, urbanization, and industrialization play a role in environmental degradation in the case of Saudi Arabia?. Energy Strategy Reviews, 40, 100814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2022.100814
Khan, I., Hou, F., & Le, H. P. (2021). The impact of natural resources, energy consumption, and population growth on environmental quality: Fresh evidence from the United States of America. Science of the Total Environment, 754, 142222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142222
Kwakwa, P. A., Alhassan, H., & Adu, G. (2020). Effect of natural resources extraction on energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission in Ghana. International Journal of Energy Sector Management, 14(1), 20-39. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJESM-09-2018-0003
Mesagan, E. P., & Vo, X. V. (2023). Does natural resource rent and consumption interplay worsen Africa's pollution? Heterogeneous panel approach with cross-sectional dependence. Resources Policy, 82, 103562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.103562
Mughal, N., Arif, A., Jain, V., Chupradit, S., Shabbir, M. S., Ramos-Meza, C. S., & Zhanbayev, R. (2022). The role of technological innovation in environmental pollution, energy consumption and sustainable economic growth: Evidence from South Asian economies. Energy Strategy Reviews, 39, 100745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2021.100745
Munir, K., & Ameer, A. (2018). Effect of economic growth, trade openness, urbanization, and technology on environment of Asian emerging economies. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 29(6), 1123-1134. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-05-2018-0087
National Intelligence Council. (n.d.) Structural Forces Environment. https://www.dni.gov/index.php/gt2040-home/gt2040-structural-forces/environment
Nuţă, F. M., Sharafat, A., Abban, O. J., Khan, I., Irfan, M., Nuţă, A. C., ... & Asghar, M. (2024). The relationship among urbanization, economic growth, renewable energy consumption, and environmental degradation: A comparative view of European and Asian emerging economies. Gondwana Research, 128, 325-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2023.10.023
Onifade, S. T., Gyamfi, B. A., Haouas, I., & Bekun, F. V. (2021). Re-examining the roles of economic globalization and natural resources consequences on environmental degradation in E7 economies: are human capital and urbanization essential components?. Resources Policy, 74, 102435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102435
Opoku, E. E. O., & Boachie, M. K. (2020). The environmental impact of industrialization and foreign direct investment. Energy Policy, 137, 111178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.111178
Ozcan, B., Tzeremes, P. G., & Tzeremes, N. G. (2020). Energy consumption, economic growth and environmental degradation in OECD countries. Economic Modelling, 84, 203-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2019.04.010
Özokcu, S., & Özdemir, Ö. (2017). Economic growth, energy, and environmental Kuznets curve. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 72, 639-647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.059
Pham, N. M., Huynh, T. L. D., & Nasir, M. A. (2020). Environmental consequences of population, affluence and technological progress for European countries: A Malthusian view. Journal of environmental management, 260, 110143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110143
Qamar, M. Z., Ali, W., Qamar, M. O., & Noor, M. (2021). Green technology and its implications worldwide. The Inquisitive Meridian, 3, 1-11.
Rahman, M. M. (2020). Environmental degradation: The role of electricity consumption, economic growth and globalisation. Journal of environmental management, 253, 109742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109742
Rahman, M. M., & Alam, K. (2021). Clean energy, population density, urbanization and environmental pollution nexus: Evidence from Bangladesh. Renewable Energy, 172, 1063-1072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.03.103
Raihan, A. (2023). The dynamic nexus between economic growth, renewable energy use, urbanization, industrialization, tourism, agricultural productivity, forest area, and carbon dioxide emissions in the Philippines. Energy Nexus, 9, 100180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2023.100180
Sarkodie, S. A., & Strezov, V. (2019). Effect of foreign direct investments, economic development and energy consumption on greenhouse gas emissions in developing countries. Science of the total environment, 646, 862-871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.365
Shahbaz, M., Lean, H. H., & Shabbir, M. S. (2012). Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Pakistan: cointegration and Granger causality. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(5), 2947-2953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.02.015
Shahbaz, M., Loganathan, N., Muzaffar, A. T., Ahmed, K., & Jabran, M. A. (2016). How urbanization affects CO2 emissions in Malaysia? The application of STIRPAT model. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 57, 83-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.096
Singh, S., Sharma, G. D., Radulescu, M., Balsalobre-Lorente, D., & Bansal, P. (2023). Do natural resources impact economic growth: An investigation of P5+ 1 countries under sustainable management? Geoscience Frontiers, 101595.
United States Agency for International Development. (n.d.) Agriculture and Food Security. https://www.usaid.gov/cambodia/agriculture-and-food-security
United States Agency for International Development. (n.d.). Environment https://www.usaid.gov/philippines/environment
Wang, J., & Dong, K. (2019). What drives environmental degradation? Evidence from 14 Sub-Saharan African countries. Science of the Total Environment, 656, 165-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.354
Wang, Q., & Li, L. (2021). The effects of population aging, life expectancy, unemployment rate, population density, per capita GDP, urbanization on per capita carbon emissions. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 28, 760-774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2021.06.029
Washington, H., & Kopnina, H. (2022). Discussing the Silence and Denial around Population Growth and Its Environmental Impact. How Do We Find Ways Forward?. World, 3(4), 1009-1027. https://doi.org/10.3390/world3040057
Weber, H., & Sciubba, J. D. (2019). The effect of population growth on the environment: evidence from European regions. European Journal of population, 35, 379-402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-018-9486-0
Wen, L., & Li, Z. (2019). Driving forces of national and regional CO2 emissions in China combined IPAT-E and PLS-SEM model. Science of the total environment, 690, 237-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.370
Wen, J., Mughal, N., Zhao, J., Shabbir, M. S., Niedbała, G., Jain, V., & Anwar, A. (2021). Does globalization matter for environmental degradation? Nexus among energy consumption, economic growth, and carbon dioxide emission. Energy policy, 153, 112230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112230
Wiedmann, T., Lenzen, M., Keyßer, L. T., & Steinberger, J. K. (2020). Scientists’ warning on affluence. Nature communications, 11(1), 3107.
World Bank. (n.d.). Metadata Glossary. DataBank. https://databank.worldbank.org/metadataglossary/jobs/series/TX.VAL.TECH.MF.ZS#:~:text=High%2Dtechnology%20exports%20are%20products,scientific%20instruments%2C%20and%20electrical%20machiner
World Bank. (n.d.). Metadata Glossary. Databank. https://databank.worldbank.org/metadataglossary/world-development-indicators/series/EN.ATM.CO2E.PC
World Bank. (2023). Pollution. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/pollution
World Health Organization. (n.d.). Population. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/data/gho/indicator-metadata-registry/imr-details/1121
Wu, H., Hao, Y., Ren, S., Yang, X., & Xie, G. (2021). Does internet development improve green total factor energy efficiency? Evidence from China. Energy Policy, 153, 112247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112247
Xin, D., Zhi Sheng, Z., & Jiahui, S. (2022). How technological innovation influences environmental pollution: Evidence from China. Complexity, 2022, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5535310
Yan, C., Li, H., & Li, Z. (2022). Environmental pollution and economic growth: Evidence of SO2 emissions and GDP in China. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 930780. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.930780
Yii, K. J., & Geetha, C. (2017). The nexus between technology innovation and CO2 emissions in Malaysia: evidence from granger causality test. Energy Procedia, 105, 3118-3124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.654
York, R., Rosa, E. A., & Dietz, T. (2003). STIRPAT, IPAT and ImPACT: analytic tools for unpacking the driving forces of environmental impacts. Ecological economics, 46(3), 351-365. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009 (03)00188-5
Yusuf, A. (2023). Dynamic effects of energy consumption, economic growth, international trade and urbanization on environmental degradation in Nigeria. Energy Strategy Reviews, 50, 101228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2023.101228.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Louis Benedict Gallardo, Jan Marithe Isorena, Peter Jeff Camaro
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
