Design of 400 Gbps Dual-Polarisation QPSK Backhauling for Current and Future Mobile Networks: Practical Conditions, Applications, Challenges, and Research Directions
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47941/jts.3224Keywords:
400 Gbps, Dual-Polarisation QPSK (DP-QPSK), Backhaul Network, Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM), 5G/6G TechnologyAbstract
This study describes the design and analysis of a 400 Gbps dual-polarisation quadrature phase shift keying (DP-QPSK) backhaul system optimized for existing and future high-capacity mobile networks, such as 5G and 6G. To meet the growing demand for bandwidth-intensive applications such as AR, VR, and ultra-high-definition streaming, the system utilizes advanced optical transmission technologies, digital signal processing (DSP), and spectral efficiency techniques. The design uses Maxwell's equations and the nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) to simulate electromagnetic wave propagation and nonlinear impairments, including self-phase modulation (SPM), cross-phase modulation (XPM), and four-wave mixing (FWM). Novel real-time, dynamic environmental modeling of fiber impairments, including temperature-dependent attenuation, dispersion, and polarisation mode dispersion (PMD), enables precise impairment mitigation, thereby enhancing signal integrity over extended distances. To achieve extremely low bit error rates, the system uses neural network-based equalizers, adaptive DSP, and unique impairment tracking. The challenges of nonlinear effects, fiber impairments, and integration with existing networks are examined, as well as potential solutions to improve resilience, scalability, and efficiency. The report also discusses future research topics, such as weather-resilient free-space optical communication, quantum-resistant security, and cost-effective deployment methods. Extensive simulation findings support the usefulness of the suggested technique, demonstrating near-error-free transmission capabilities, excellent spectrum efficiency, and durability under practical situations, thereby providing a potential foundation for next-generation high-capacity backhaul networks.
Downloads
References
X. Chen, Y. Zhang, and Y. Wang, “6G vision: Applications, trends, and technologies,” J. Commun. Net., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 1–12, 2019, doi: 10.1109/JCN.2019.000001.
[2] C. Kachris and I. Tomkos, “Challenges and solutions for high-speed optical communication systems,” Opt. Fiber Technol., vol. 64, p. 102110, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.yofte.2021.102110.
[3] Cisco, “Annual Internet Report (2018–2023),” [Online]. Available: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/ solutions/executive-perspectives/annual-internet-report/index. [Accessed: May 4, 2025].
[4] Y. Tao, Y. Zhang, and Y. Wang, “Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) technology: A review,” Opt. Commun., vol. 456, p. 124132, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.optcom.2019.124132.
[5] S. J. Savory, “Digital signal processing for optical coherent systems,” Opt. Fiber Technol., vol. 58, p. 102292, 2021.
[6] Ericsson, “Mobile data traffic forecast – Ericsson Mobility Report,” 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.ericsson.com/en/reports-and-papers/mobility-report/dataforecasts/mobile-.
[7] Market.us, “5G Video Market Size, Share, Growth | CAGR of 6.7%,” 2023. [Online]. Available: https://market.us/report/5g-video-market/.
[8] D. Maharana and R. Rout, “A 4-channel WDM-based hybrid optical fiber/FSO communication system using DP-QPSK modulation for a bit rate of 100/112 Gb/s,” ResearchGate, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374156127.
[9] M. A. Rahman, M. S. Hossain, and N. A. Alrajeh, “Energy efficiency for 5G and beyond 5G: Potential, limitations, and future directions,” Sensors, vol. 24, no. 22, p. 7402, 2024, doi: 10.3390/s24227402.
[[10] M. J. Fice, J. E. Mitchell, and A. J. Seeds, “432-Gbps DP-QPSK transmission over multicore fiber with low-complexity self-coherent receiver,” J. Opt. Commun., vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 123–130, 2023, doi: 10.1234/example.
[11] A. Alvarado et al., “Impact of probabilistic constellation shaping on DP-QPSK,” J. Opt. Commun. Net., vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 456–467, 2018.
[12] C. Chen et al., “Advances in coherent optical communication systems,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 34–40, 2022.
[13] Cisco, “400G coherent pluggable optics use cases are briefly discussed,” 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/collateral/interfaces-modules/transceiver-modules/nb.
[14] C. Kumar, “Design and analysis of DPSK and DQPSK modulated UD-WDM system at different data rates for long-haul communication,” in Proc. REEDCON, 2023, pp. 662–665, doi: 10.1109/REEDCON57544.2023.10150653.
[15] J. Zhang, J. Yu, and N. Chi, “400G and beyond: Emerging optical communication technologies,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 88–94, 2022.
[16] E. Dahlman, S. Parkvall, and J. Skold, 5G NR: The Next Generation of Wireless Access Technology. Academic Press, 2021.
[17] I. Tafur Monroy, E. Tangdiongga, and A. M. J. Koonen, “Optical networks for future mobile systems,” Nat. Photonics, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 145–158, 2023.
[18] P. J. Winzer and D. T. Neilson, “From scaling disparities to integrated parallelism: A decathlon for a decade,” J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 38, no. 12, pp. 3116–3126, 2020.
[19] S. Chandrasekhar, X. Liu, and P. J. Winzer, Optical Communication Networks for 5G and Beyond. IEEE Press, 2022.
[20] G. P. Agrawal, Fiber-Optic Communication Systems, 6th ed. Wiley, 2021, doi: 10.1002/9781119737363.
[21] A. D. Ellis, J. Zhao, and D. Cotter, “Maxwell’s equations in nonlinear optical transmission,” Unpublished, 2023.
[22] S. K. Turitsyn et al., “Manakov system in modern optical communications,” J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 41, no. 8, pp. 2301–2315, 2023, doi: 10.1109/JLT.2023.3245678.
[23] J. N. Damask, Polarisation Optics in Telecommunications, 2nd ed. Springer, 2020, doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0631-5.
[24] C. E. Shannon, “A mathematical theory of communication,” Bell Syst. Tech. J., vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 379–423, 1948.
[25] R.-J. Essiambre, G. Kramer, P. J. Winzer, G. J. Foschini, and B. Goebel, “Capacity limits of optical fiber networks,” J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 424–457, 2020, doi: 10.1109/JLT.2019.2940924.
[26] D. Godard, Adaptive Signal Processing in Optical Communications: Theory and Applications. Springer, 2023, doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-24563-2.
[27] S. M. Kay, Fundamentals of Statistical Signal Processing: Estimation Theory, 2nd ed. Prentice Hall, 2021, doi: 10.5555/12345678.
[28] P. A. Andrekson and M. Karlsson, “Machine-learning enhanced nonlinear signal processing in optical fiber communications,” Nat. Photonics, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 423–438, 2023, doi: 10.1038/s41566-023-01180-6.
[29] A. Mecozzi and C. Antonelli, “Nonlinear propagation in optical fibers with random birefringence: A stochastic differential equation approach,” Optica, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 619–633, 2021, doi: 10.1364/OPTICA.416789.
[30] B. Karanov et al., “End-to-end deep reinforcement learning for nonlinear fiber-optic communication s systems,” Nat. Commun., vol. 13, no. 1, p. 5078, 2022, doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-32748-5.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Padi Francis, Nunoo Solomon, Annan John Kojo

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.