Disparities in Income Levels and Violence against Women among Intimate Partners in Informal Settlements in Nakuru County, Kenya: A Case of Jimmia Rescue Centre

Authors

  • Beverly Lusike Asmani Catholic University of Eastern Africa
  • Prof. Rachel Gesami Catholic University of Eastern Africa
  • Dr. Wilkins Ndege Muhingi Catholic University of Eastern Africa

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47941/ijdcs.1373

Keywords:

Income Levels Disparities, Intimate Partner Violence (IPV),

Abstract

Purpose: Intimate Partner Violence is on the rise in developing countries and is alarming in Kenya specifically, therefore this study will establish the relationship between disparities in income levels and violence against women among intimate partners in Nakuru County, Kenya; A case of Jimmia Rescue Centre. Resource Theory founded by Goode in 1971 and Gendered Resource Theory founded by Atkinson and Greenstein in 2005 anchored this study.

Methodology: Embedded mixed method was employed which consisted of descriptive survey and phenomenological designs for quantitative and qualitative enquiries respectively. The study was conducted in Nakuru County, specifically in Jimmia Rescue center located in Nakuru East. A total sample of 112 respondents from Jimmia Rescue center were sampled through proportionate and purposive techniques. Questionnaires and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. Qualitative data was grouped, coded, and placed in different categories by selecting similar issues, then assembled analyzed and interpreted. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22 for windows was used for coding and keying in data. The results were presented using tables, themes, quotes, and narrative descriptions.

Findings: The study established that the majority of the Intimate Partner Violence victims were married as reported by 54 out of 90 (60%) respondents and 66 out of 90 (73% ) of the respondents were from monogamous marriages. The study also established 53% of the women victims were unemployed, income levels and unemployment status influenced violence against women. Violence was experienced in households where 80% respondents reported that earnings was controlled by husbands. This study concluded that Intimate Partner Violence is a concern among married women especially those in monogamous marriages and unemployed.

Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study recommends couples to work towards equal contribution in gender roles and contributing household income to reduce power imbalances that contribute to Intimate Partner Violence

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Beverly Lusike Asmani, Catholic University of Eastern Africa

Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences

Prof. Rachel Gesami, Catholic University of Eastern Africa

Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences

Dr. Wilkins Ndege Muhingi , Catholic University of Eastern Africa

Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences

References

Abramsky, T., Lees, S., Stockl, H., Kapinga, I., Ranganathan, M., Mshana, G., & Kapiga, S. (2019). Women's Income and Risk of Intimate Partner Violence: Secondary Findings

From the MAISHA Cluster Randomized Trial in North-Western Tanzania. BMC Public Health. https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12905-0150247-5

Agostino, J. K. (2015). Influence of Gender Based Violence on the Implementation of Community Development Projects: A Case of Gikui Mweru Water Project in Igoji Ward, Meru County, Kenya. 1-46.

Atkinson, M., & Greenstein, T. (2005). For Women, Breadwinning Can Be Dangerous: Gendered Resource Theory and Wife Abuse. Journal Of Family and Marriage, 67(5). https://www.jstor.org/stable/3600302?seq=10#metadata_info_tab_contents

Aziz, N., Idiris, S. A., Ishak, M., Wahid, N., & Yazid, Z. (2018). Factors Affecting Domestic Violence Against Women: A Conceptual Model and Research Propositions. 4, 191-

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nurul-Nadia-Aziz/publication/323987065_

Basile, K., Hall, J., & Walters, M. (2013). Expnading Resource Theory and Feminist-Informed Theory to Explain Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration by Court-Orderd Men.

Bishwajit, G., & Yaya, S. (2016). Socio-cultural Aspects of gender based violence and its impact on women's health in South Asia. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301956783_Sociocultural_aspects_of_gender-

based_violence_and_its_impacts_on_women's_health_in_South_Asia

Bonnes, S. (2016, August). Education and Income Imbalances Among Married Couples in Malawi as Predictors for Likelihood of Physical and Emotional Intimate Partner Violence. Violence and Victims, 31(1).

Cchabra, S. (2018). Effects of Societal/ Domestic Violence on Health of Women. 2(1).

https://www.imedpub.com/articles/effects-of-societaldomestic-violence-on-health-ofwomen.pdf

Cools, S., & Kotsadam, A. (2017). Resources and Intimate Partner Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa. 95, 211-230.

Corburn, J., & Hildebrand, C. (2015). Slum Sanitation and the Social Determinants of

Women’s Health in Nairobi, Kenya. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 1-6. https://escholarship.org/content/qt5w1761s5/qt5w1761s5.pdf?t=os3pxa

C.R. Kothari & Gaurav Garg (2014), Research Methodology , Third Edition, New Age International Publishers, New Delhi.

Debrie, A. E. (2018). The Effects of Gender-Based Violence on the Socio-Economic Status of

Women in Ghana.

http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh/bitstream/handle/123456789/27398/The%20Effects%20of%

Gender-Based%20Violence%20on%20the%20Socio-

Economic%20Status%20of%20Women%20in%20Ghana.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequenc e=1

DHS. (2014Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2014). https://evaw-globaldatabase.unwomen.org//media/files/un%20women/vaw/vaw%20survey/1%20kenya% 20dhs%202014.pdf?vs=4916

Eurobarometer. (2010). Domestic Violence Against Women Report.

https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/archives/ebs/ebs_344_en.pdf

FRA. (2014). Violence Against Women: an EU-wide Survey.

https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra-2014-vaw-survey-at-a-glance-oct14_en.pdf

Gartner, R., & Macmillan, R. (1999). When She Brings Home The Bacon: Labor Force Participation and The Risk Of Spousal Violence Against Women. 947-958.

Gonzalez, J. (2018). Domestic Violence, Decision-Making Power and Female Employment in Colombia. University of Minnesota. https://assets.ipums.org/_files/mpc/wp2018-

pdf

Goode, W. (1971). Force and Violence in The Family. 33(4), 624-636.

Khurram, E. (2017). Factors that Contribute to Violence Against Women: A study From

Karachi, Pakistan. 1-77. Retrieved from https://www.diva-

portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1141245/FULLTEXT01.pdf

Kibiti, L. (2015). Influence of Socio-cultural Factors on Gender Related Violence Against

Women in Ongata Rongai Location Kajiado County, Kenya.

http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/11295/90298/Kibiti_Influence%20of %20sociocultural%20factors%20on%20gender%20related%20violence%20against% 20women%20in%20Ongata%20Rongai%20location%20Kajiado%20county,%20Ken ya.pdf?sequence=3

Kothari, C. R. (2014). Research Methodology. New Age International Limited.

Lambert, J., & Michael, B. (2020). Gender-Based Violence in Two Informal Settlements in

Nakuru County, Kenya.

https://www.dignity.dk/wpcontent/uploads/publication_series_no33.pdf

Leemis, et al., (2022). The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2016/2017 Report on Intimate Partner Violence. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Nilon, P., KearnsM, Rambo, K., Irving, S., Armstead, T., & Gilbert, L. (2017). Preventing Intimate Partner Violence Across The Lifespan: A Technical Package of Programs, Policies, and Practices. Atlanta, GA: National Center For Injury Prevention and

Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

https://nccpsafety.org/assets/files/library/Preventing_IPV_Technical_Package.pdf

Onyando, L. A. (2015). Influence of Intimate Partner Violence on Productive Work Among Women in The Informal Sector in Nakuru Municipality, Kenya. http://irlibrary.egerton.ac.ke/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1525/1/Influence%20of%20intimate %20partner%20violence%20on%20productive%20work%20among%20women%20i n%20the%20informal%20sector%20in%20Nakuru%20municipality%2C%20Kenya.p df

Onyango, L. (2015). Influence of Intimate Partner Violence on Productive Work Among Women in the Informal Sector in Nakuru Municipality, Kenya. http://irlibrary.egerton.ac.ke/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1525/1/Influence%20of%20intimate %20partner%20violence%20on%20productive%20work%20among%20women%20i n%20the%20informal%20sector%20in%20Nakuru%20municipality%2C%20Kenya.p df

Oram, S., Khalifeh, H., & Howard, L. (2016). Violence Against Women and Mental Health.

Phuntsho, S., Dendup, P. I., Gurung, M, Pelzom, D., & Wangmo, N. (2022). Correlates of Intimate Partner Violence in Bhutan:Evidence From the 2012 National Health Survey.

Journal of Health Research, 36(1), 23-36.

Rahaman, M., Roy, A., Kapasia, N., & Chouhan, P. (2022). Spousal violence in India: does risk of spousal violence higher among polygynous unions? Congent Social Sciences, 8(1). https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23311886.2022.2103945

Ricci, S. S. (2017). Violence Against Women: A global Perspective.

https://openventio.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Violence-Agains-Women-AGlobal-Perspective-WHOJ-3-e007.pdf

Stockl, H., March, L., Pallitto, C., & Garcia-Moreno, C. (2014). BMC Public Health. Intimate partner violence among adolescents and young women: prevalence and associated factors in nine countries: a cross-sectional study, 751(14).

https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-14-751

Swart, E. (2012). Gender-Based Violence in a Kenyan Slum: Creating Local, Woman-Centered Interventions. ournal of Social Service Research, 384, 42-438.

Tonsing, J., & Tonsing, K. (2017). Understanding The Role Of Patriarchal Ideology in Intimate Partner Violence Among South Asian Women in Hong Kong.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0020872817712566

UNWOMEN. (2017). Women and Sustainable Development Goals.

https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/2322UN%20Women%20A nalysis%20on%20Women%20and%20SDGs.pdf

Uthman, O. (2017). Attitudes Towards and Exposure To Intimate Partner Violence Against Women In Subsaharan Africa: Contextual Effects, Neighbourhood Variations and

Individual RIsk Factors.

https://openarchive.ki.se/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10616/40506/e-thesisuthman.pdf?sequence=2

WHO. (2017, November 29). Violence against Women. https://www.who.int/en/newsroom/fact-sheets/detail/violence-against-women

WHO. (2021). Violence against Women Prevalence Estimates, 2018. Global, Regional, and National Prevalence Estimates For Intimate Partner Violence Against Women and Regional Prevalence Estimates For Non-Partner Sexual Violence Against Women.

https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/documents/violencehttps://www.infocop.es/pdf/informeOMSviolencia.pdf

WilsonCentre. (2020). Gender-Based Violence and Rule of Law: Improving Protections for Women. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/gender-based-violence-and-rule-lawimproving-protections-women

Downloads

Published

2023-07-28

How to Cite

Asmani, B. L. ., Gesami, R., & Muhingi, W. N. . (2023). Disparities in Income Levels and Violence against Women among Intimate Partners in Informal Settlements in Nakuru County, Kenya: A Case of Jimmia Rescue Centre . International Journal of Developing Country Studies, 5(1), 64–87. https://doi.org/10.47941/ijdcs.1373

Issue

Section

Articles