Trade Policies and Livestock Exports
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47941/ijlp.1748Keywords:
Livestock Exports, Trade Policies, Market Diversification, Quality Assurance, Sustainable Production, Risk ManagementAbstract
Purpose: The general objective of the study was to examine the trade policies and livestock exports.
Methodology: The study adopted a desktop research methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive's time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library.
Findings: The findings reveal that there exists a contextual and methodological gap relating to trade policies and livestock exports. Key findings emphasize the significance of trade agreements and regional integration initiatives in boosting livestock exports, with participating countries benefiting from increased trade volumes and streamlined regulatory standards. Additionally, the study highlights the impact of non-tariff measures, particularly stringent sanitary and phytosanitary regulations, on market access, underscoring the need for capacity-building and regulatory harmonization efforts. Moreover, trade disputes and policy uncertainties are identified as disruptors, necessitating transparent policy frameworks and risk management strategies to mitigate market volatility. Overall, the study underscores the importance of coordinated efforts to address trade barriers and enhance market access, paving the way for sustainable development and economic growth in the livestock sector.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Theory of Comparative Advantage, Political Economy theory and Institutional theory may be used to anchor future studies on trade policies and livestock exports. One key recommendation was to diversify export markets for livestock products, aiming to reduce dependence on specific markets and mitigate trade disruptions. This strategy involved proactive market research, targeted marketing campaigns, and strategic alliances with trading partners to access new markets. Another recommendation was to invest in quality assurance systems and standards compliance to meet sanitary and phytosanitary requirements, crucial for enhancing the credibility of livestock exports. Promoting sustainable production practices was also advised, aligning livestock production with sustainability goals to enhance market competitiveness. Improving trade facilitation measures, strengthening policy coordination and stakeholder engagement, and developing risk management strategies were highlighted to safeguard the stability and competitiveness of livestock export sectors in a volatile global economy.
Downloads
References
ABPA. (2021). Brazilian Association of Animal Protein. Retrieved from https://abpa-br.org/
Ahmed, M., & Rahman, S. (2018). "Trade Policy Reforms and Livestock Exports: Evidence from a Developing Country." World Development, 105, 189-201.
Anderson, K., & Martin, W. (2017). Agricultural Policy Monitoring and Evaluation 2017: OECD Countries and Emerging Economies. OECD Publishing.
Ayalew, W., Assefa, W., & Derso, T. (2020). Challenges and Opportunities of Livestock Marketing in Ethiopia. Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development, 114(1), 35-53.
Baldwin, R., & Evenett, S. J. (Eds.). (2015). Beyond Tradeoffs: Market Reform and Equitable Growth in Latin America. University of Chicago Press.
Bown, C. P. (2018). The global spread of antidumping protection: Evidence and lessons for Africa. World Development, 110, 60-75.
Bown, C. P., & Crowley, M. A. (2016). The empirical landscape of trade policy. Handbook of Commercial Policy, 1, 385-475.
Chen, L., & Kim, J. (2016). "Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures and Livestock Exports: A Cross-Country Analysis." Food Policy, 62, 101-112.
DEFRA. (2020). Livestock Information. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/livestock-information
DEFRA. (2021). UK Agricultural and Horticultural Exports. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/uk-agricultural-and-horticultural-exports
Drahos, P., & Mayne, R. (2018). The Global Governance of Knowledge: Patent Offices and their Clients. Cambridge University Press.
Evenett, S. J., & Fritz, J. (Eds.). (2017). Unmasking the WTO: A Trade Policy Review of the World Trade Organization. CEPR Press.
FAO. (2018). Livestock Policy Briefs. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/in-action/livestock-policy-briefs/en/
FAO. (2019). Africa Sustainable Livestock 2050. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/africa/events/detail-events/en/c/1203396/
FAO. (2020). FAOSTAT Livestock Dataset. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QL
FAO. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on Livestock and Fisheries in Africa. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/africa/events/detail-events/en/c/1273212/
FAO. (2021). State of the World’s Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture – Second Edition. Rome.
Gallagher, K. P., Lawrence, R. Z., & Zarsky, L. (2020). The Globalization of Environmental Protection: Cases and Data. MIT Press.
Garcia, A. A. P., Campos, G. S., Barros, A. C. D. A., Menezes, G. R. D. O., Oliveira, L. D. B. D., Bresolin, T., & Venturini, G. C. (2020). Livestock production in Brazil: economic, social, and environmental implications. Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural, 58(4), e202043. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9479.2020.214004
Gilpin, R. (1987). The Political Economy of International Relations. Princeton University Press.
Grote, U., & Reiche, C. (2017). Handbook of BRICS and Emerging Economies. Routledge.
Grote, U., & Reiche, C. (Eds.). (2017). Handbook of BRICS and Emerging Economies. Routledge.
Hiscox, M. J. (2006). Through a Glass and Darkly: Attitudes toward International Trade and the Curious Effects of Issue Framing. International Organization, 60(3), 755-780.
Hoekman, B. M., & Mavroidis, P. C. (Eds.). (2016). Regulating Trade in Services in the EU and the WTO: Trust, Distrust and Economic Integration. Cambridge University Press.
Kiptarus, K., & Muthama, M. (2021). "Role of Trade Facilitation Measures in Enhancing Livestock Exports: Evidence from East Africa." World Development, 140, 105322.
Liu, H., & Lu, Y. (2018). "Impact of Trade Policy Uncertainty on Livestock Exports: A Firm-Level Analysis." Journal of International Economics, 116, 32-48.
Nguyen, T., & Hoang, H. (2019). "Impact of Climate Change Policies on Livestock Exports: A Global Analysis." Climatic Change, 155(2), 237-251.
North, D. C. (1990). Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge University Press.
OECD. (2020). Agricultural Policy Monitoring and Evaluation 2020. OECD Publishing.
OECD. (2021). OECD Trade Facilitation Indicators: The Role of Trade Costs and Facilitation in Global Value Chains. OECD Publishing.
Reisch, L. A., Eberle, U., & Lorek, S. (2019). Sustainable food consumption: An overview of contemporary issues and policies. Sustainability, 11(6), 1643.
Ricardo, D. (1817). On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. John Murray.
Smith, A., & Jones, B. (2021). "The Impact of Free Trade Agreements on Livestock Exports: A Comparative Analysis." Journal of Agricultural Economics, 73(2), 201-218.
Sparovek, G., Barretto, A. G. D. O. P., Matsumoto, M., Berndes, G., Klug, I. L. F., & Stokes, M. (2019). The role of Brazilian beef in the dynamics of deforestation and climate change. Environmental Research Letters, 14(12), 123004. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab57bf
Sykes, A. O., & O'Hare, M. (2016). Dispute Settlement in the World Trade Organization: Practice and Procedure. Cambridge University Press.
UNCTAD. (2019). Meat of Bovine Animals, Fresh or Chilled. Retrieved from https://unctadstat.unctad.org/EN/Index.html
UNCTAD. (2020). Trade and Environment Review 2020: Facing an Uncertain World: Trade, Investment and the WTO. UNCTAD.
USDA FAS. (2021). Japan: Livestock and Products Annual. Retrieved from https://www.fas.usda.gov/data/japan-livestock-and-products-annual-7
USDA. (2020). Dairy: World Markets and Trade. Retrieved from https://apps.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/circulars/dairy.pdf
USDA. (2021). Livestock and Poultry: World Markets and Trade. Retrieved from https://www.usda.gov/oce/commodity/wasde/wasde1220.pdf
Wang, Y., & Li, Q. (2020). "Trade Disputes and Livestock Exports: Implications for Policy and Market Dynamics." Journal of International Economics, 126, 103345.
WIPO. (2020). Intellectual Property Rights in Livestock: Methods of Protection. WIPO Publishing.
World Bank. (2017). Trade and Poverty Reduction: New Evidence of Impacts in Developing Countries. World Bank Publications.
World Bank. (2019). Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Europe's Transition Economies. World Bank Publications.
WTO. (2015). Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures. WTO Publications.
WTO. (2017). Trade Facilitation and Development: A Handbook for WTO Negotiators. WTO Publications.
WTO. (2018). Trade Policy Review: Costa Rica. WTO Publications.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Swaib Ssenkugu
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
